Priming of rice defense against a sap-sucking insect pest brown planthopper by silicon

ABSTRACTMolecular Marker-based Selection on F2 Progeny for Development of Promising Rice Lines Resistant to Brown PlanthopperBrown planthopper (BPH) is the major insect pest of rice and accounts for significant yield loss. This experiment was aimed to develop BC1F1 and F3 brown planthopper resistant rice lines. Selection on the basis of SSR markers can be done by using two polymorphic SSR markers, i.e., RM586 dan RM8213, which screened from eight SSR markers for BPH resistant. Sixty-three F2 genotypes from IP-1 (derived from IR-64 x PTB-33) population and twenty F2 genotypes from PP-11 (derived from Pandan Wangi x PTB-33) population were selected and will be used for further research by selfed and backcrossed to recipient parents. Chi-squares test for segregation of DNA bands in F2 generation showed that RM8213 fitted with 1:2:1 Mendelian ratio for controlling photosynthetic rates and trichomes length in IP-1 population. This information could be used in programs to develop a durable brown planthopper resistant rice cultivar.Keywords: BPH, F2 population, Moleculer marker, SSRABSTRAKWereng coklat merupakan salah satu hama utama pada tanaman padi yang mampu menurunkan produksi padi secara nyata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh galur-galur padi F2 yang memiliki marka-marka yang berasosisasi dengan ketahanannya terhadap wereng coklat. Seleksi pada galur padi F2 hasil persilangan telah dilakukan melalui teknik marka molekuler Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) menggunakan dua marka SSR yang menunjukkan polimorphisme yaitu RM586 dan RM8213 dari delapan marka yang diskrining. Sebanyak 63 genotip dari populasi IP-1 (hasil persilangan IR-64 x PTB-33) dan 20 genotip dari populasi PP-11 (hasil persilangan Pandan Wangi x PTB-33) untuk disilangkan sendiri maupun disilang balik dengan tetua recipient. Selain itu, hasil analisis Chi-Kuadrat untuk segregasi pita DNA menunjukkan bahwa primer RM8213 memiliki rasio 1:2:1 (dominasi tidak sempurna) dalam mengontrol karakter laju fotosintesis dan panjang trikoma terhadap wereng coklat pada populasi IP-1. Informasi yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini nantinya dapat digunakan untuk program perakitan kultivar padi tahan wereng coklat yang durable.Kata Kunci: Marka molekuler, Populasi F2, SSR, Wereng coklat

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A Way Forward to Combat Insect Pest in Rice

Bangladesh Rice Journal ◽

10.3329/brj.v25i1.55176 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 1-22

Author(s):

MP Ali ◽

B Nessa ◽

MT Khatun ◽

MU Salam ◽

MS Kabir

Keyword(s):

Yield Loss ◽

Production Systems ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Mobile App ◽

Rice Production ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Pest Species ◽

Management Options

The damage caused by insect pest is the continual factor for the reduction of rice production. To date, 232 rice insect pest species are identified in Bangladesh and more than 100 species of insects are considered pests in rice production systems globally, but only about 20 - 33 species can cause significant economic loss. The major goal of this study is to explore all the possible ways of developed and proposed technologies for rice insect pests management and minimize economic losses. Insect pests cause 20% average yield loss in Asia where more than 90% of the world's rice is produced. In Bangladesh, outbreak of several insects such as rice hispa, leafroller, gallmidge, stem borers and brown planthopper (BPH) occurs as severe forms. Based on previous reports, yield loss can reach upto 62% in an outbreak situation due to hispa infestation. However, BPH can cause 44% yield loss in severe infestested field. To overcome the outbreaks in odd years and to keep the loss upto 5%, it is necessary to take some preventive measures such as planting of resistant or tolerant variety, stop insecticide spraying at early establishment of rice, establish early warning and forecasting system, avoid cultivation of susceptible variety and following crop rotation. Subsequent quick management options such as insecticidal treatment for specific insect pest should also be broadcasted through variety of information systems. Advanced genomic tool can be used to develop genetically modified insect and plants for sustainable pest management. In addition, to stipulate farmers not use insecticides at early crop stgae and minimize general annualized loss, some interventions including training rice farmers, regular field monitoring, digitalization in correct insect pests identification and their management (example; BRRI rice doctor mobile app), and demonstration in farmers field. Each technology itself solely or combination of two or more or all the packages can combat the insect pests, save natural enemies, harvest expected yield and contribute to safe food production in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Rice J. 25 (1) : 1-22, 2021

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Repellency Mechanism of Natural Guar Gum-Based Film Incorporated with Citral against Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms23020758 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 758

Author(s):

Xiubing Gao ◽

Xianfeng Hu ◽

Feixu Mo ◽

Yi Ding ◽

Ming Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Differential Expression ◽

Guar Gum ◽

Defense Mechanism ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Odorant Receptor ◽

Receptor Gene ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Or Gene

Using of plant essential oil that coevolved as a defense mechanism against agriculture insects is an alternative means of controlling many insect pests. In order to repel brown planthoppers (BPHs), the most notorious rice insect pest, a new film based on guar gum incorporated with citral (GC film) was formulated, which was effective while being environmentally friendly. In this paper, the effect and mechanism of GC film repellency against BPHs were determined. Repellent activity test and olfactory reaction analysis showed that GC film had repellency effect against BPHs, with repellency of 60.00% and 73.93%, respectively. The result of olfactory reaction indicated that GC film repellency against BPHs relied on smell. EPG analysis showed the proportion and mean duration of np waveform were significantly higher than in CK and increased following the treatment concentration, which indicated that GC film affected the recognition of BPHs to rice. Further analysis by RNA sequencing analysis showed a total of 679 genes were significantly upregulated and 284 genes were significantly downregulated in the BPHs fed on the rice sprayed with GC film compared to control. Odorant-binding protein (OBP) gene 797 and gustatory receptor gene (GR)/odorant receptor (OR) gene 13110 showed a significant decrease in differential expression and significant increase in differential expression, respectively. There were 0.66 and 2.55 differential expression multiples between treated BPHs and control, respectively. According to the results described above, we reasoned that GC film repellency against BPHs due to smell, by release of citral, caused the recognition difficulties for BPHs to rice, and OBP gene 797 and GR/OR gene 13110 appeared to be the crucial candidate genes for GC film repellency against BPHs. The present study depicted a clear and consistent repellency effect for GC film against BPHs and preliminarily clarified the mechanism of GC film as a repellent against BPHs, which might offer an alternative approach for control of BPHs in the near future. Our results could also help in the development and improvement of GC films.

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Mapping of Resistance Genes to Brown Planthopper in Untup Rajab, an Indonesian Local Rice Variety

Jurnal AgroBiogen ◽

10.21082/jbio.v14n2.2018.p75-84 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

Muhamad Yunus ◽

Diani Damayanti ◽

Ahmad Dadang ◽

Ahmad Warsun ◽

Dani Satyawan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Genes ◽

Quantitative Resistance ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Rice Variety ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Snp Markers ◽

Chromosome 8 ◽

F2 Population ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Test Population

<p>Brown planthopper (BPH) is a major rice pest in Indonesia. The most economical and effective approach to control the insect pest is by using resistant varieties. Exploring for resistance genes is, therefore, a prerequisite for effective breeding program for BPH resistance. This study aimed to map BPH resistance genes in Untup Rajab, an Indonesian local rice variety. Genetic map was constructed using an F2 population from a cross between TN-1 and Untup Rajab, and SNP markers from RiceLD SNP Chip. Phenotyping was performed using bulk seedling test on F2:3 seedlings against two BPH populations, i.e. X1 and S1. Four QTLs<br />were identified on chromosomes 5, 6, 8, and 11 with PVE values of 7.63%, 9.40%, 17.66%, and 3.05%, respectively. Relatively normal distribution of resistance phenotype and the relatively low PVE values indicate that Untup Rajab has a quantitative resistance to BPH with two different resistance loci identified for each BPH test population. The QTL on chromosome 8 overlaps with OsHI-LOX gene, which is associated with resistance to BPH, and adjacent to another QTL for resistance to green leafhopper. The QTL on chromosome 6 was found near OsPLDα4 and OsPLDα5 genes which are related to BPH resistance. Meanwhile, the QTL intervals on chromosome 5 and 11 did not overlap with any known BPH QTLs or genes, which make them attractive candidates for novel BPH resistance gene discovery.</p>

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Energy Reserve Compensating for Trade-Off Between Metabolic Resistance and Life History Traits in the Brown Planthopper (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toaa120 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (4) ◽

pp. 1963-1971

Author(s):

Tomohisa Fujii ◽

Sachiyo Sanada-Morimura ◽

Keiichiro Matsukura ◽

Ho Van Chien ◽

Le Quoc Cuong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Survival Time ◽

Life History Traits ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Total Lipid Content ◽

Metabolic Resistance ◽

Trade Off ◽

Metabolic Detoxification ◽

Resistant Strains

Abstract Development of insecticide resistance often changes life history traits of insect pests, because metabolic detoxification of insecticides in insect bodies requires huge energetic reserves. The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), an important insect pest of rice crop in East and Southeast Asia, has developed strong resistance to imidacloprid from mid-2000s. The aim of this study was to examine the costs of life history traits and reveal changes in energy reserves with developing imidacloprid resistance. We compared the life history traits (survival time, fecundity, developmental time, and hatchability) and total lipid content between imidacloprid-resistant and imidacloprid-susceptible (control) brown planthopper strains. As compared to the control strains, adults’ survival time of the resistant females was shorter, and their fecundity was lower; the other life history traits did not differ significantly between the resistant and control strains. As the results, net reproductive rates (R0) were lower in the resistant strains than in the susceptible strains. However, the amount of stored lipids was larger in resistant females than control ones. Our findings demonstrated a physiological trade-off between the development of imidacloprid resistance and the reproductive traits of brown planthopper. The imidacloprid-resistant strains are likely to store lipids for metabolic detoxification rather than consume them for reproduction.

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Recent Strategies for Detection and Improvement of Brown Planthopper Resistance Genes in Rice: A Review

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9091202 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1202

Author(s):

Bello Sani Haliru ◽

Mohd Y. Rafii ◽

Norida Mazlan ◽

Shairul Izan Ramlee ◽

Isma’ila Muhammad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Genes ◽

Large Scale ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Durable Resistance ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Gene Clusters ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens ◽

Scale Production ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Resistant Genes

Brown planthopper (BPH; Nilaparvata lugens Stal) is considered the main rice insect pest in Asia. Several BPH-resistant varieties of rice have been bred previously and released for large-scale production in various rice-growing regions. However, the frequent surfacing of new BPH biotypes necessitates the evolution of new rice varieties that have a wide genetic base to overcome BPH attacks. Nowadays, with the introduction of molecular approaches in varietal development, it is possible to combine multiple genes from diverse sources into a single genetic background for durable resistance. At present, above 37 BPH-resistant genes/polygenes have been detected from wild species and indica varieties, which are situated on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Five BPH gene clusters have been identified from chromosomes 3, 4, 6, and 12. In addition, eight BPH-resistant genes have been successfully cloned. It is hoped that many more resistance genes will be explored through screening of additional domesticated and undomesticated species in due course.

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Long-term seasonal forecasting of a major migrant insect pest: the brown planthopper in the Lower Yangtze River Valley

Journal of Pest Science ◽

10.1007/s10340-018-1022-9 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 92 (2) ◽

pp. 417-428 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Gao Hu ◽

Ming-Hong Lu ◽

Don R. Reynolds ◽

Hai-Kou Wang ◽

Xiao Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yangtze River ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Yangtze River Valley ◽

River Valley ◽

Seasonal Forecasting ◽

Lower Yangtze

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Characterization of gustatory receptor 7 in the brown planthopper reveals functional versatility

10.1101/2020.09.05.284208 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Abhishek Ojha ◽

Wenqing Zhang

Keyword(s):

Insect Pests ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens ◽

Receptor Protein ◽

Gustatory Receptor ◽

Protein Coding ◽

Nutrient Sources ◽

Functional Studies ◽

Protein Ligands

AbstractInsect pests consume tastants as their necessary energy and nutrient sources. Gustatory receptors play important roles in insect life and can form within an extremely complicated regulatory network. However, there are still many gustatory genes that have a significant impact on insect physiology, but their functional mechanism is still unknown. Here, we purified and characterized a gustatory receptor (protein) coding gene, NlGr7, from the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, which is an important insect pest of rice. Our results revealed that NlGr7 has an active association with various ligands, such as lectins, lipids (phospho- and sphingolipid) and copper. The mass-spectrometry result showed that NlGr7 is a sugar receptor, and NlGr7 is validated by different types of insoluble polysaccharides and a varied range of tastants. Furthermore, we observed that NlGr7-bound ATP hydrolysed on the ATPase activity assay, which indicated that NlGr7 may be associated with important biological functions in the BPH. The important NlGr7 for chemoreception has now been characterized in the BPH. We showed that NlGr7 in the BPH is required for various protein-ligands, as well as protein-sugars interactions, to play crucial roles in this pest. This study will provide valuable information for further functional studies of chemoreception mechanisms in this important agricultural pest.

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NADPH Oxidase 5 Is Essential for Molting and Oviposition in a Rice Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11090642 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 642

Author(s):

Lu-Yao Peng ◽

Zhen-Wei Dai ◽

Rui-Rui Yang ◽

Zhen Zhu ◽

Wei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rna Interference ◽

Nadph Oxidase ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens ◽

Leaf Sheath ◽

Whole Genome Sequence ◽

First Choice ◽

Nadph Oxidase 5

The brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens is a typical monophagous insect herbivore that feeds exclusively on rice sap. This insect pest causes serious damage to rice crops throughout East Asian countries. Chemical control remains the first choice for managing N. lugens populations; however, the use of insecticides has given rise to planthopper resurgence and additional environmental risks. Nilaparvata lugens is a model insect of Hemiptera because its whole genome sequence has been elucidated and is susceptible to RNA interference. In this study, our findings revealed that a superoxide-generating gene, NADPH oxidase 5 (Nox5), is essential for molting and oviposition in a Hemipteran insect Nilaparvata lugens. Knockdown of Nox5 transcript levels by RNA interference in 2nd–5th-instar nymphs results in significantly lethal deficits in the molting transitions from nymph–nymph and nymph–adult. Nox5 knockdown leads to a reduction of hydrogen peroxide in female ovaries and failure of oviposition from the insect ovipositor into the rice leaf sheath. Here, we provide in vivo evidence demonstrating that Nox5 is a key enzyme for regulating molting and oviposition in this insect species.

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Map-based Cloning and Characterization of the BPH18 Gene from Wild Rice Conferring Resistance to Brown Planthopper (BPH) Insect Pest

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/srep34376 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Hyeonso Ji ◽

Sung-Ryul Kim ◽

Yul-Ho Kim ◽

Jung-Pil Suh ◽

Hyang-Mi Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wild Rice ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Brown Planthopper ◽

Introgression Line ◽

Leaf Sheath ◽

Gus Expression ◽

Complementation Test ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Wild Rice Species

Abstract Brown planthopper (BPH) is a phloem sap-sucking insect pest of rice which causes severe yield loss. We cloned the BPH18 gene from the BPH-resistant introgression line derived from the wild rice species Oryza australiensis. Map-based cloning and complementation test revealed that the BPH18 encodes CC-NBS-NBS-LRR protein. BPH18 has two NBS domains, unlike the typical NBS-LRR proteins. The BPH18 promoter::GUS transgenic plants exhibited strong GUS expression in the vascular bundles of the leaf sheath, especially in phloem cells where the BPH attacks. The BPH18 proteins were widely localized to the endo-membranes in a cell, including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network, and prevacuolar compartments, suggesting that BPH18 may recognize the BPH invasion at endo-membranes in phloem cells. Whole genome sequencing of the near-isogenic lines (NILs), NIL-BPH18 and NIL-BPH26, revealed that BPH18 located at the same locus of BPH26. However, these two genes have remarkable sequence differences and the independent NILs showed differential BPH resistance with different expression patterns of plant defense-related genes, indicating that BPH18 and BPH26 are functionally different alleles. These findings would facilitate elucidation of the molecular mechanism of BPH resistance and the identified novel alleles to fast track breeding BPH resistant rice cultivars.

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