Recharge response and kinematics of an unusual earthflow in Liechtenstein

AbstractUnderstanding landslide behavior over medium and long timescales is crucial for predicting landslide hazard and constructing accurate landscape evolution models. The behavior of landslides in soil that undergo periodic displacements, termed earthflows or compound soil slides, is especially difficult to forecast at these timescales. This is because velocities can increase by orders of magnitude over annual to decadal timescales, due to processes such as changing recharge conditions, erosion of the landslide toe, and retrogression of the landslide head. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis of the Schlucher landslide, an unusual earthflow that is perched above the village of Malbun, Liechtenstein. This landslide had been displacing by 10 to 20 cm/year until 2015, when displacements on the order of 2 m/year occurred from 2016 to 2018. These large displacements damaged landslide mitigation measures, caused numerous surface deformation features, and threatened the local population downstream of the earthflow. This landslide has an unusually long monitoring record, with accurate displacement and climatic data available since 1983. We analyze this nearly 40-year monitoring time series to estimate recharge from snowmelt and rainfall, and its correlation with displacement. We also analyze recently collected, high-resolution surface and subsurface data in order to understand landslide response to recharge, landslide kinematics through time, and catastrophic failure potential. We find that interannual displacements can be explained with variations in recharge; however, periodic surges with recurrence times of tens of years must be explained by other mechanisms. In particular, recharge into the landslide during the recent acceleration (2016 to 2018) was not anomalously high. Instead, we argue that loss of internal strength is responsible for this recent acceleration period, and that this mechanism should be considered when forecasting the surge potential for certain earthflows and soil slides.

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Fully Free-Form Deformation Features (δ-F4) Incorporating Discontinuities

Volume 1: 30th Design Automation Conference ◽

10.1115/detc2004-57225 ◽

2004 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vincent Cheutet ◽

Jean-Philippe Pernot ◽

Jean-Claude Leon ◽

Bianca Falcidieno ◽

Franca Giannini

Keyword(s):

Surface Deformation ◽

Geometric Constraints ◽

Free Form ◽

Initial Surface ◽

Cad Systems ◽

Free Form Deformation ◽

Deformation Features ◽

Generate Surface ◽

Prototype Software ◽

Free Form Surfaces

To limit low-level manipulations of free-form surfaces, the concept of Fully Free Form Deformation Features (δ-F4) have been introduced. They correspond to shapes obtained by deformation of a surface area according to specified geometric constraints. In our work, we mainly focused on those features aimed at enforcing the visual effect of the so-called character lines, extensively used by designers to specify the shape of an object. Therefore, in the proposed approach, 3D lines are used to drive surface deformation over specified areas. Depending on the wished shape and reflection light effects, the insertion of character lines may generate surface tangency discontinuities. In CAD systems, such kind of discontinuities is generally created by a decomposition of the initial surface into several patches. This process can be tedious and very complex, depending on the shape of the deformation area and the desired surface continuity. Here, a method is proposed to create discontinuities on a surface, using the trimming properties of surfaces. The corresponding deformation features produce the resulting surface in a single modification step and handle simultaneously more constraints than current CAD systems. The principle of the proposed approach is based on arbitrary shaped discontinuities in the parameter domain of the surface to allow the surface exhibiting geometric discontinuities at user-prescribed points or along lines. The proposed approach is illustrated with examples obtained using our prototype software.

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Copernicus Sentinel-1 MT-InSAR, GNSS and Seismic Monitoring of Deformation Patterns and Trends at the Methana Volcano, Greece

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10186445 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (18) ◽

pp. 6445 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Theodoros Gatsios ◽

Francesca Cigna ◽

Deodato Tapete ◽

Vassilis Sakkas ◽

Kyriaki Pavlou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Surface ◽

Surface Deformation ◽

Ground Deformation ◽

Local Population ◽

Seasonal Fluctuation ◽

Satellite System ◽

Deformation Monitoring ◽

Persistent Scatterers ◽

Geothermal Activity ◽

Global Navigation Satellite

The Methana volcano in Greece belongs to the western part of the Hellenic Volcanic Arc, where the African and Eurasian tectonic plates converge at a rate of approximately 3 cm/year. While volcanic hazard in Methana is considered low, the neotectonic basin constituting the Saronic Gulf area is seismically active and there is evidence of local geothermal activity. Monitoring is therefore crucial to characterize any activity at the volcano that could impact the local population. This study aims to detect surface deformation in the whole Methana peninsula based on a long stack of 99 Sentinel-1 C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images in interferometric wide swath mode acquired in March 2015–August 2019. A Multi-Temporal Interferometric SAR (MT-InSAR) processing approach is exploited using the Interferometric Point Target Analysis (IPTA) method, involving the extraction of a network of targets including both Persistent Scatterers (PS) and Distributed Scatterers (DS) to augment the monitoring capability across the varied land cover of the peninsula. Satellite geodetic data from 2006–2019 Global Positioning System (GPS) benchmark surveying are used to calibrate and validate the MT-InSAR results. Deformation monitoring records from permanent Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations, two of which were installed within the peninsula in 2004 (METH) and 2019 (MTNA), are also exploited for interpretation of the regional deformation scenario. Geological, topographic, and 2006–2019 seismological data enable better understanding of the ground deformation observed. Line-of-sight displacement velocities of the over 4700 PS and 6200 DS within the peninsula are from −18.1 to +7.5 mm/year. The MT-InSAR data suggest a complex displacement pattern across the volcano edifice, including local-scale land surface processes. In Methana town, ground stability is found on volcanoclasts and limestone for the majority of the urban area footprint while some deformation is observed in the suburban zones. At the Mavri Petra andesitic dome, time series of the exceptionally dense PS/DS network across blocks of agglomerate and cinder reveal seasonal fluctuation (5 mm amplitude) overlapping the long-term stable trend. Given the steepness of the slopes along the eastern flank of the volcano, displacement patterns may indicate mass movements. The GNSS, seismological and MT-InSAR analyses lead to a first account of deformation processes and their temporal evolution over the last years for Methana, thus providing initial information to feed into the volcano baseline hazard assessment and monitoring system.

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Dense 3D electrical resistivity tomography to understand complex deep landslide structures

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14522 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Julien Gance ◽

Orlando Leite ◽

Myriam Lajaunie ◽

Kusnahadi Susanto ◽

Catherine Truffert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Resistivity ◽

Large Scale ◽

Electrical Resistivity Tomography ◽

Surface Deformation ◽

Reference Model ◽

Slope Instability ◽

Complex Objects ◽

Alluvial Deposits ◽

Resistivity Tomography ◽

The Village

Large scale slope instabilities are complex objects controlled by multiple parameters. The underground and superficial structure of the slope plays a major role as it often controls water circulations, potentially causing weathering and damaging processes, and permits the local storage of water masses, causing temporary overload. In addition, the structure of the subsurface often delineates rock-volumes with variable mechanical properties, whose spatial distribution greatly influences the behavior of the slope. This work illustrates how Dense 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography can provide relevant constraints on these parameters.The village of Viella, in France (Hautes-Pyr&#233;n&#233;es), is affected by strong slope movement since 2018, when a massive rockslide above the village modified the stress conditions of the entire slope and, potentially, the hydrogeological context. As a consequence, some houses and infrastructures are progressively damaged, leading to heavy measures (houses evacuation). This complex, deep-seated (> 80 m), slope instability covers an area of ca. 650 000 m&#178;, is primarily composed of altered shists, colluviums, and non-consolidated alluvial deposits, forming several kinematic units with surface velocities in the range [0.5 &#8211; 5] mm.month-1.&#160;A 3D dense electrical resistivity tomography was realized using the FullWaver system, to characterize the structure and the forcing factors of this unstable slope. 55 V-FullWavers receivers (3 -electrodes, 2 channels sensors) were quasi-evenly distributed over a surface area of 400 x 500 m&#178; with an interval of 90 m, apart from the village area, where no electrode could be grounded. Each V-FullWaver recorded signals through two orthogonal dipoles of 25 m length. Current injections were realized with a high-power transmitter (6 kW, 16 A, 3000 V). 235 injection dipoles were used. The system injected current between a fixed remote electrode (more than 1 km away from the site to increase the investigation depth) and a local mobile electrode, moved all over the investigated area in between the V-Fullwaver receivers, with an interval of approximately 40 m, except in the village area.&#160;The resulting 3D resistivity model presents a high spatial variability until 100 to 150 m depth approximately, that highly relates to the complex strain dynamics of the slope and the hydrogeological observations. It highlights the relation between the most active kinematic compartments and the large-scale structure of the slope.It provides a first understanding of the role of local compacted rocks in the buildup of surface deformation but also on the localization of heterogeneities (fissures, scarps) which may relate to water circulation paths.. This 3D image of the slope is the first structural reference model for future hydrogeological and geomechanical studies aiming at deducing the possible evolution of the slope.

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Surface Deformation Features in Ultrafine-Grained Copper Cyclically Stressed at Different Temperatures

MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS ◽

10.2320/matertrans.46.3077 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 46 (12) ◽

pp. 3077-3080 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

X. W. Li ◽

S. D. Wu ◽

Y. Wu ◽

H. Y. Yasuda ◽

Y. Umakoshi

Keyword(s):

Surface Deformation ◽

Ultrafine Grained ◽

Deformation Features ◽

Different Temperatures

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Penyelesaian Sengketa Pelaksanaan Perjanjian Lelang Sungai di Bidang Perikanan di Kecamatan Tanjung Lago Kabupaten Banyuasin

Wajah Hukum ◽

10.33087/wjh.v5i1.355 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 106

Author(s):

Indrajaya Indrajaya

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Research Method ◽

Local Population ◽

Civil Code ◽

Legal Action ◽

Research Results ◽

Long Time ◽

Settlement Of Disputes ◽

The Village

In the Civil Code regulates agreement, one type of agreement is an auction, however the object of this auction agreement is not an object or animal, but a river. In areas that have natural resources in the form of rivers, these agreements are often carried out, in practice adapted to local local wisdom. The river auction tradition in Tanjung Lago District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province has been going on for a long time and has become a tradition for the local population. However, in practice there are often defaults committed by the parties. The purpose of this study is to determine the settlement of disputes in case of default by the parties. The research method is to look at direct facts that happen in real terms but still by using legal materials in the form of existing regulations and other sources. From the research results it is known that if one of the parties (the village administration and the winner of the auction) defaults, a deliberation between both parties but if it cannot be resolved then legal action can be taken. Meanwhile, if there is a default between the auction winner and the fisherman, the settlement will only be in the form of a warning and loss of trust without any sanctions.

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Che ne pensi, elettore? Un sondaggio all’uscita dai seggi nelle elezioni comunali del 2012 in un borgo toscano

Quaderni dell'Osservatorio elettorale QOE - IJES ◽

10.36253/qoe-9569 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 7-29

Author(s):

Mattia Forni

Keyword(s):

Local Politics ◽

Local Population ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

The Political ◽

Local Elections ◽

Main Role ◽

Voting Behaviour ◽

Political Values ◽

History Of ◽

The Village

This article provides a deep description about local politics in Rignano sull’Arno, a small village near Florence, focusing on the features of “red” territorial political subculture that have ceased to exist, as well as those that still remain a part of voters’ behaviour. To begin with, I will draw attention to the political and electoral history of the village since 1946; going on to describe the main traits of local electors, with reference to a survey that accounted for 1220 voters, carried out during the 2012 administrative elections. I will concentrate on social and demographic characteristics, searching for a link between these qualities and the electoral results. From here I will examine the voting patterns of the local population and the motives behind such voting behaviour. I will consider the main role played by candidate’s personal characteristics in infl uencing the voters, to the detriment of party identifi cation, political values and ideology, which are becoming less and less relevant. Further topics I will illustrate in this paper are the types of sources that people gathered their information from during the election campaign and the time at which they decided how to vote. Finally, electoral instability and the changes in voter’s behaviour between the last two local elections will be analysed.

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Application of an improved clustering approach on GPS height time series at CMONOC stations in Southwestern China

Earth Planets and Space ◽

10.1186/s40623-021-01559-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shuguang Wu ◽

Zhao Li ◽

Houpu Li ◽

Guigen Nie ◽

Jingnan Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Land Surface ◽

Clustering Algorithm ◽

Surface Deformation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Southwestern China ◽

Three Gorges ◽

The Three Gorges ◽

Deformation Features

AbstractThe hydrological, geological and meteorological conditions in southwestern China are relatively complex, so that the land surface deformation presents various features. Using 58 Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) stations across four provinces in Southwestern China, we adopt an improved clustering algorithm to classify 49 stations into 12 clusters with different similarity levels. Our results show that the average annual signals of GPS stations within each cluster have strong consistency, while obvious differences exist among the 12 clusters, indicating that clustering algorithm helps to describe surface deformation features more accurately in regions with complex conditions. We then combine other earth observation techniques, such as the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite datasets and surface loading models (SLM), and observe that GPS, GRACE and SLM have strong correlation in their monthly displacement series at GPS stations. After excluding non-clustered stations according to our previous clustering results, the correlation coefficients of GPS/GRACE and GPS/SLM are enhanced. Also, the RMS reduction rates of GPS coordinate time series have been improved after deducting displacements obtained from GRACE and SLM, thus the clustering algorithm proves to be effective in improving the consistency of three techniques in joint detection of surface deformation. Moreover, the vertical displacements of four riverside GPS stations in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) area show significant negative correlation with water level of TGR, hence we conclude that the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) may directly affect the consistency of GPS annual signals of its upstream and downstream GPS stations. Graphical Abstract

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Cult Buildings on the Middle-Don Settlements of the Scythian Era

Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Serija 4 Istorija Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija ◽

10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.4.8 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 123-135

Author(s):

Yuriy Razuvaev

Keyword(s):

Local Population ◽

Internal Space ◽

Animal Bones ◽

The Village ◽

The City ◽

Unusual Shape

Introduction. As a result of many years of excavations on settlements of the Skiphian era in the basin of the Middle Don the area of about 50 thousand square meters has been opened. However, buildings of the cult purpose are still not known. Methods and materials. The search for such structures is difficult due to the absence of pronounced sacral markers. However, according to publications and archival sources, structures unusual in configuration, stratigraphy and a set of accompanying materials have been selected. It was possible to identify four buildings of the 4th – 3rd centuries BC, characterized by unusual shape and layout, concentration of bonfires, ceramic and osteological materials, presence of anthropological residues. Analysis. Two buildings were located on a hillfort in the city of Semiluki, which is known for mass burials of its inhabitants. One area of about 9 square meters contained the burial of a woman and two children. In its three-part filling three hearths and sacrificial offerings, including dog bones, a female skull, fragments of ceramics, were preserved. Another 33 square meter building contained skulls and other remains of at least 13 people mixed with animal bones. Of the two buildings on the 1st hillfort near the village of Voloshino, one area of about 100 square meters had three hearths, another seven were located around. There were found a large amount of debris of stony vessels and antique amphorae in the filling and in the layer next to this structure. Another building with an area of about 18 square meters had a hearth and a bonfire. Its filling was saturated with fragments of ceramics and animal bones. Results. The buildings in question are not similar to dwellings or household structures. They are distinguished by the unique configuration of pits and internal space, uneven and dug by pits bottom. The bonfires present in the premises were not remnants of heating devices. They, like the accompanying finds, were related to the cult activities of the local population.

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THE WORKING-BEE NON-MEASURED SONG IN THE PIRIN FOLKLORE REGION – ESSENCE, FORMAL AND STRUCTURAL SPECIFICS

Knowledge International Journal ◽

10.35120/kij34061717f ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 1717-1722

Author(s):

Magdalena Filatova

Keyword(s):

Song Cycle ◽

Local Population ◽

Musical Form ◽

Structural Components ◽

Work Activity ◽

Distinctive Features ◽

Daily Work ◽

The Common ◽

Work Family ◽

The Village

One of the most widespread and striking folklore cycles in the Pirin region are the songs sung at a working-bee. They represent almost 1/3 of the song diversity of this region and are a preferred genre among the local population. A large part of the working-bee songs distributed in the Pirin region are non-measured. Their non-measured nature is determined primarily by their function as songs accompanying a particular work activity. The working-bee non-measured songs are an integral part of the life of the Pirin population. They are performed during the doing of some common work – tobacco stringing, sewing, knitting and are sung mainly by young people in the village - boys, girls, young brides. Some working-bee songs have a specific purpose in the work process. There are songs for starting the working-bee and songs that are sung when the girls are going out of the bee, as well as spring and autumn bee songs. Antiphonic singing is also typical of this type of non-measured songs. During the common labor activity, more people meet together in one place, which favors the emergence of various and interesting forms of performance. Often singers are split into two groups of two or three singers, with one group singing in and the other singing out. The performance of the working-bee non-measured songs is characterized by sharp, ringing sound, and the singing is intense, open. In formal-structural terms, non-measured working-bee songs are extremely diverse. There are one-tone and two-tone songs, and more and more often nowadays, the old local two-voice is being replaced by the performance of songs in parallel thirds. The working-bee song cycle is particularly rich in a variety of subjects. There are historical, haiduk, heroic stories, songs related to daily work, family life, love. For the most part, working-bee non-measured songs in the Pirin region are performed in a two-tone manner, mostly the old, local songs. The homophonic ones that have arisen in recent times are mostly with historical themes, reflecting events from the Liberation Wars, the Balkan War, etc., as well as songs with a love theme. The so-called working-bee choruses are also very common in this region, sung in a variety of tunes, some of which are not local but come from other folklore areas. Due to their peculiarities and characteristics, the working-bee non-measured songs are defined as a specific song group in the musical folklore of the Pirin region. This paper examines and analyzes their peculiarities in terms of their formal-structural components - melody, musical form, ambitus, mode, polyphony, ornamentation, rhythmic characteristic, the purpose of which is to highlight their distinctive features and specifics.

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General Description of Hydrogen Sulfide Mineral Waters on the Left Bank of the Alazani River

Works of Georgian Technical University ◽

10.36073/1512-0996-2021-2-127-141 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 127-141

Author(s):

Marine Mardashova ◽

◽

Tamar Miqava ◽

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Sulfide ◽

Local Population ◽

Sulfide Mineral ◽

Mineral Waters ◽

Left Bank ◽

General Description ◽

Mineral Springs ◽

Regional Center ◽

Left Tributary ◽

The Village

The study object is located in the main hydrographic unit of Shida Kakheti - on the left bank of Alazani river, along the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus and includes a strip starting from the village of Shakriani (Telavi district), ending with the regional center Lagodekhi (Lagodekhi gorge, left tributary of the Alazani river). Within this zone, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) mineral springs are prevalent. Besides, these waters are opened by exploratory - hydrogeological wells. Among these springs, "Torghva Bath" and "Lagodekhi Bath" are especially popular among the local population. The first of these is located in the upper reaches of the Story Valley, and the second - in Lagodekhi gorge, 7 km away from the settlement. The mineral springs "Muni Tsakaro" and "Mkrali Waters" are also important for their healing properties. Based on the analysis of theoretical and field materials, Kakheti hydrogen sulfide waters are characterized in detail and possibly their use for resort purposes.

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