scholarly journals General Description of Hydrogen Sulfide Mineral Waters on the Left Bank of the Alazani River

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-141
Author(s):  
Marine Mardashova ◽  
◽  
Tamar Miqava ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Sulfide Mineral ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
General Description ◽  
Mineral Springs ◽  
Regional Center ◽  
Left Tributary ◽  
The Village

The study object is located in the main hydrographic unit of Shida Kakheti - on the left bank of Alazani river, along the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus and includes a strip starting from the village of Shakriani (Telavi district), ending with the regional center Lagodekhi (Lagodekhi gorge, left tributary of the Alazani river). Within this zone, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) mineral springs are prevalent. Besides, these waters are opened by exploratory - hydrogeological wells. Among these springs, "Torghva Bath" and "Lagodekhi Bath" are especially popular among the local population. The first of these is located in the upper reaches of the Story Valley, and the second - in Lagodekhi gorge, 7 km away from the settlement. The mineral springs "Muni Tsakaro" and "Mkrali Waters" are also important for their healing properties. Based on the analysis of theoretical and field materials, Kakheti hydrogen sulfide waters are characterized in detail and possibly their use for resort purposes.

scholarly journals Geochemical Conditions of the Origin of Hydrogen Sulfide Mineral Waters on the Left Bank of the Alazani River

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-163
Author(s):  
Marine Mardashova ◽  
◽  
Tinatin Dzadzamia ◽  
Tamar Miqava ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Sulfide Mineral ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Mineral Springs ◽  
Geochemical Conditions ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen

Based on the description of the geological structure and hydrogeological conditions of the area in question, there is an opinion about the formation of hydrogen sulfide in groundwater. However, this view differs from the classical theory of sulfate reduction. It is substantiated that the production of hydrogen sulfide in groundwater due to the action of sulfate bacteria takes place not only in the recovery environment, but also in the oxidation zone. The validity of this view is confirmed by the analysis of deep hydrogeological wells and field survey data. Existence of hydrogen sulfide mineral springs within Kakheti is related to carbonate flysch. Their formation, circulation, including natural solutions is entirely in the form of carbonate flysch and is probably the origin of the formation of hydrogen sulfide healing waters. In addition to the mineral springs of Kakheti, the wide prospects of practical use of these waters are discussed, which is related to the picturesque nature and excellent climatic conditions of the area, which provides a great opportunity for resort-medical construction in the Kakheti region.

scholarly journals Revisited the localization of fortifications of the 18th century on the surroundings of village of Braha in Khmelnytsky region

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Harlan
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
General Description ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Modern Landscape ◽  
The Village

The results of the survey of the territories of the village Braga in the Khmelnytsky region, which is in close proximity to Khotyn Fortress, are highlighted in this article. A general description of the sources that were the fortifications of the left bank of the Dnister River opposite the Khotyn Fortress according to the modern landscape, is presented.

scholarly journals ECOTOURISM SIGNIFICANCE OF THE THERMAL AND MINERAL WATERS OF THE SOUTHERN SLOPE (BETWEEN MAZYMCHAY AND SHINCHAI) OF THE GREATER CAUCASUS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamedova Gunay Gulu kyzy
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Southern Slope ◽  
Primitive Form ◽  
Mineral Springs ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Greater Caucasus

In the article, in the socio-geographical direction, issues are discussed about the territory of mineral and thermal waters on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, the chemical composition of waters, temperature, the possibility of using it in the treatment of some diseases, ecotourism value and rational use of thermal waters. Ecotourism can provide real financial support for nature conservation and increase the importance of natural sites that should be preserved in their original form. For the rational use of thermal waters in the research area, targeted measures should be taken at the state level, in order to eliminate the shortages in this area and to ensure its further development, entrepreneurs should be provided with very low interest rates, long-term loans. In the study of thermal and mineral waters, the merit of geologists, hydrogeologists and balneologists was great; in the modern period, scientists and specialists mainly refer to information obtained 50-100 years ago. There are very few innovations in this area. Favorable climatic conditions of the region, ecotourism conditions, large forests, natural and historical monuments, high seismicity of the territory, deforestation processes, and so on. according to specifications differ. The study area (especially the Gakh region) is the region with the richest thermal and mineral water resources in Azerbaijan, as well as ecotourism and balneological tourism. The Gakh region in the northwestern part of Azerbaijan, along with other natural benefits, is distinguished by its thermal and mineral springs and balneological value. The well-known hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbonate groups of the Ilisu thermal waters, as well as the resort-tourist and balneological significance of the mineral springs on the left and right banks of the Kurmukh River near the village of Alibeyli and in the so-called boiling zone have not yet been fully utilized. Thermal and mineral waters, with the exception of a few, were used in a very primitive form mainly by the local population. The use of such waters should be carried out under the supervision of a physician for his purpose, and the taking or not taking medicinal baths should be especially controlled. Therefore, the chemical composition of thermal waters must be periodically checked by professional specialists.

scholarly journals FUNERAL RITE OF THE POPULATION OF THE DNIEPER FOREST-STEPPE LEFT BANK OF THE EARLY SCYTHIAN TIME: VARIANT OF ANALYSIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-44
Author(s):  
D. S. Grechko
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
The World ◽  
Basic Orientation ◽  
Important Landmark ◽  
The Village ◽  
Burial Grounds

The article is devoted to the results of a cluster analysis of the burials of the Early Scythian time of the Dnieper forest-steppe Left Bank. Clusters and groups are distinguished which have local and ethno-cultural characteristics. The analysis made it possible to distinguish two large blocks of clusters: the «Posulian» and «Vorklinsky» clusters, which confirmed the previous conclusions of the researchers. An analysis of the orientation of the burials has shown that the population of the Dnieper forest-steppe Left Bank of the Early Scythian time was dominated by the idea of placing the world of the dead in the south, both among farmers and nomads. Deviation from the basic orientation could be seasonal, or associated with the direction of the land of ancestors, or an important landmark (Greater Skorobir for the Belsk necropolis). A necropolis is located in the village. Kupewaha, which allows one to assume that it belongs to a fairly separate group of nomads. In separate burial grounds there were recorded graves which belonged to different clusters. Burials of Vorskla’s ordinary farmers were represented by clusters 6, 8, 10, and burials, most likely, nomads — cluster 9 and groups 11B and 11B. Clusters 5, 7, 12 have an indeterminate nature. The burial grounds can be conditionally divided into necropolises of the local population, nomads and mixed ones.

scholarly journals THE COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION BURIED AT THE SCYTHIAN AGE CEMETERY NEAR SVITLOVODSK CITY (ACCORDING TO CRANIOLOGY)

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-292
Author(s):  
S. I. Kruts ◽  
T. O. Rudych
Keyword(s):  
Middle Level ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Male Population ◽  
The Face ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
The Village

The anthropological composition of the population buried at the cemetery of the Scythian Age near Svitlovodsk city (Kirovograd region) is analyzed in the paper. The burial ground is located on the border of the Forest-Steppe and Steppe Zones of the Right Bank of the Dnieper. The anthropological material under study comes from cemetery without mounds. Archaeologists date the main massif of burials to the 4th century BC. The anthropological composition of the population that was buried at this burial ground was not homogenous. The male series of skulls is characterized by a long, medium-wide, high, dolichocranic skull. The face is of medium size, it is mesognathic. The horizontal profile of the face at the upper level is medium, but with a tendency to the sharp; at the middle level, the face is strongly profiled. The orbital and nasal indexes are medium. The bones of the nose are moderately protruding. The average characteristics of the male population fit into the range of variations of the Scythian series. The male series belongs morphologically and statistically to the circle of the steppe Scythian groups. The male group from the burial ground near the city of Svitlovodsk is close to the series from the Nikolaevka burial ground on the Dnister River, the group of skulls from the burial mounds near the village of Shirokoe (Left Bank of the Dnieper River), the group of skulls from the burial mounds near the village of Vyshchetarassivka, a series of skulls from the Mykhailivka burial ground. Of the forest-steppe series, only the combined group of skulls from the Trypillya region is somewhat close to it. All these statistically and morphologically similar groups originate from different territories. This illustrates the specifics of the settlement and demonstrates the mobility of the Scythian groups. The female series from the burial ground is characterized by a long, narrow, medium-high skull, mesocranic in shape. The size of the face is small, it is mesognathic. The horizontal profile of the face at the upper level is moderate, at the zygomaxilar level it belongs to the category of sharp, but with a tendency to moderate. The orbital index is medium, the nasal index belongs to the large category. The bones of the nose are medium protruding. The female series from Svitlovodsk burial ground turns out to be the most gracile among the Scythian series in Ukraine. For this reason, it differs significantly from the entire massif of the steppe Scythian series. The closest to the Svitlovodsk series is a group from mounds near Nikopol.

scholarly journals The 1998 Tatopani Landslide in the Kali Gandaki Valley of Western Nepal: cause and relation to mass rock creep

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hellmut R. Volk
Keyword(s):  
Slope Instability ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Main Central Thrust ◽  
Slope Movements ◽  
Wedge Failure ◽  
Rock Avalanches ◽  
Rock Creep ◽  
Mass Rock ◽  
The Village

The village of Tatopani lies on a small gravel terrace in the middle reach of the Kali Gandaki River, along a narrow course of about 2 km in length. One kilometre south of the village, a major rockfall occurred recently in the region of the Lesser Himalaya, which is built up of low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Kuncha Group, consisting of a thick sequence of foliated phyllites and bedded quartzites as well as interlayering of both lithologies. The monoclinal structure of these metasedimentary rocks is clearly related to the general trend of the Nepal Himalaya near the Main Central Thrust (MCT): strike NW-SE 140- 150°, dip 25-45° NE. Besides a clear foliation in the phyllites (s1) parallel to the quartzite bedding (s0), four other discontinuities are also developed as steep joints (j1-j4). Two joint sets j1 and j2, both crossing each other and both acting in conjunction with the foliation (s1) as a shear plane, were responsible for the wedge failure of the Tatopani Landslide, which led to a rockfall and avalanche of about 400,000 cubic metres and dammed the river for about 72 hours. It is noteworthy that several other - strikingly similar but older - weathered wedge failure surfaces are exposed at various spots all over the same ridge, which is the spur-ridge dividing the Kali Gandaki River from the Gar Khela tributary. This visible slope instability evidenced by relatively small wedge failures is causally connected with a much larger mechanism, namely mass rock creep or "sagging"- a purely gravitational slope deformation. The repeatedly occurring wedge failures producing landslides (rockfalls and rock avalanches) are caused by extreme shear stress and deep-reaching joints and fissures during mass rock creep. Only the final trigger for landslides or rockfalls is provided by extreme and lengthy monsoon rainstorms, which reinforce the cleft-water pressure inside rock discontinuities and openings, especially along the impermeable interface of quartzites and phyllites (s0 =s1) at the base of the wedge failure. The right (western) bank above the village is morpho-dynamically active also through mass rock creep and “pushes” laterally against the river course. However, the kinematics of the rock slope is rather different because the foliation geometry is more important. The foliation dips obliquely towards the riverside and consequently has facilitated extremely slow large­ scale dip slope movements along quartzite-phyllite interfaces (s0) without any catastrophic danger. However, the creeping slope movements of thick quartzite: members caused a set of conjugate extension faults producing toppling at the distal slope margins. Rock avalanches from the spur-ridge on the eastern (left) bank of the Kali Gandaki River S of Tatopani will always remain a threat, especially when excessive seasonal rains increase the cleftwater pressure inside the invisibly slow creeping system of the steep bank in an extraordinary manner.

From Regional Center to Mound-Residential Compound (Phase 3)

2018 ◽  
pp. 155-167
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Pluckhahn ◽  
Victor D. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Late Woodland ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Late Woodland Period ◽  
Regional Center ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
Crystal River ◽  
Area North ◽  
The Village

Recent archaeological work suggests that people began moving away from Crystal River in Phase 3, which probably began between around AD 500 and 600 and lasted until sometime between AD 650 and 750, during the Late Woodland Period. Nevertheless, the site seems to have continued to serve as a ceremonial center. The village contracted to the area north of Mound A, which was expanded during this interval; perhaps the continuing presence represents a caretaker population or a compound occupied by a leader and his or her family. Some of the former residents of Crystal River may have moved the short distance downstream to Roberts Island, where settlement was initiated in this interval. Shifts in settlement such as this abandonment and collapse are typical of the Gulf Coast at this time, and may be at least in part a response to a more variable climate and lowered sea level associated with the interval known as the Vandal Minimum.

From Early Village to Regional Center (Phase 2)

2018 ◽  
pp. 117-154
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Pluckhahn ◽  
Victor D. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Warm Period ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Regional Center ◽  
Crystal River ◽  
Southern Florida ◽  
The Village ◽  
Weeden Island ◽  
Small Platform

The village at Crystal River expanded greatly in size and permanence in Phase 2, which began sometime between around AD 200 and 300 and ended by around AD 500. This growth may have owed partially to a rise in sea level associated with the warmer temperatures of the Roman Warm Period, which might have made life on the seaward islands more difficult. The exchange of Hopewell exotics faded in this interval, but the societies of the Gulf Coast appear to have witnessed a fluorescence, as indicated by the widespread exchange of Swift Creek pottery and Weeden Island pottery. Crystal River was peripheral to these pottery traditions, but it may have been an important nexus between these and the Glades tradition of southern Florida, specifically with regard to the exchange of craft goods manufactured from marine shell. The gulf coast fluorescence is also indicated by a heightened pace of the construction of mounds. At Crystal River, three small platform mounds were initiated in this interval, clearly differentiating it from its peers in the region.

A Center Emerges

2018 ◽  
pp. 71-100
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Pluckhahn ◽  
Victor D. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Small Family ◽  
Regional Center ◽  
Complex Construction ◽  
Crystal River ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
The Village

Current radiocarbon evidence suggests that monument construction at Crystal River began sometime around 1000 BC, based on dating of human remains excavated from the circular embankment of the Main Burial Complex. Construction of the two burial mounds began a few centuries later, but likewise predates the earliest occupation of the village. Thus, the site began as a vacant ceremonial center, probably a place where small family groups dispersed on small islands in the surrounding landscape came together at certain times of the year. This pattern is typical for burial mound sites on the Gulf Coast, but Crystal River exhibits a unique degree of elaboration of architecture and burial treatments that suggest it had already emerged as a regional center. Likewise, the presence of large quantities of exotic Hopewell culture artifacts in a few burials suggest that certain people were already differentiated from others, perhaps owing to their roles as ritual specialists.

scholarly journals Analysis of the effectiveness of the systems protecting against the impact of water damming in the river on the increase of groundwater level on the example of the Malczyce dam

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 00011
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Głogowski ◽  
Mieczysław Chalfen
Keyword(s):  
Boussinesq Equation ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Drainage Channel ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stationary Version ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village

The aim of the article is to determine to what extent individual elements of the project protecting the village of Rzeczyca and adjacent areas against flooding after the planned damming up of water in the Odra on the Malczyce dam. The assessment of the impact of damming on the nearby towns was made using a mathematical model based on a two-dimensional and non-stationary version of the Boussinesq equation and the finite element method (FEM). In the simulations, the proprietary FIZ software was used for calculating water flow and chemical pollution in a porous medium. Four computer simulations were carried out, modelling the flow of groundwater in the left-bank Odra valley. The first simulation was run in pre-towering conditions, the second one included water damming without additional safeguards, the third one with a watertight membrane and the fourth one with a membrane and a drainage channel.

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