scholarly journals Effects of site, depth and sori origin on the growth and minerals composition of cultivated Saccharina latissima (Phaeophyceae) in the north of Norway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinxin Wang ◽  
Marthe J. Blikra ◽  
Tor H. Evensen ◽  
Dagbjørn Skipnes ◽  
Philip James
Keyword(s):  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Saccharina Latissima ◽  
Cadmium Content ◽  
The North ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Frond Length

AbstractInterest in the cultivation of Saccharina latissima is increasing in the north of Norway. In the present study, S. latissima was cultivated at two sites (Kraknes and Rotsund), 90 km apart, in Troms, northern Norway (69–70°N). The effect of site, depth, and sori origin (Kraknes and Rotsund) on S. latissima growth, biofouling, minerals, and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) content was studied. Large variations in the frond length and wet weight were observed between sites. The site with lower seawater temperature, higher nutrient levels and no freshwater influence (Kraknes) had better growth and later outbreak of epibionts. Sori origin had a significant effect on the growth only at the Kraknes site with S. latissima produced from the Kraknes sori having longer frond length and higher wet weight. The iodine content was, in general, high and increased with cultivation depth. The arsenic and cadmium content varied between sites and was lower than the recommended maximum level for food supplements in EU regulations. The present study shows that growth, biofouling, minerals, and PTEs content vary profoundly within the same geographical region and between sori origin, it thereby underlines the importance of site selection and using traits with high growth rates for seeding and cultivation to achieve maximum biomass.

scholarly journals Saccharina latissima Cultivated in Northern Norway: Reduction of Potentially Toxic Elements during Processing in Relation to Cultivation Depth

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1290
Author(s):  
Marthe Jordbrekk Blikra ◽  
Xinxin Wang ◽  
Philip James ◽  
Dagbjørn Skipnes
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Saccharina Latissima ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Raw Sugar ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
Product Segmentation

There is an increasing interest in the use of Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp) as food, but the high iodine content in raw sugar kelp limits the daily recommended intake to relatively low levels. Processing strategies for iodine reduction are therefore needed. Boiling may reduce the iodine content effectively, but not predictably, since reductions from 38–94% have been reported. Thus, more information on which factors affect the reduction of iodine are needed. In this paper, sugar kelp cultivated at different depths were rinsed and boiled, to assess the effect of cultivation depth on the removal efficacy of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), especially iodine, cadmium, and arsenic, during processing. Raw kelp cultivated at 9 m contained significantly more iodine than kelp cultivated at 1 m, but the difference disappeared after processing. Furthermore, the content of cadmium and arsenic was not significantly affected by cultivation depth. The average reduction during rinsing and boiling was 85% for iodine and 43% for arsenic, but no significant amount of cadmium, lead, or mercury was removed. Cultivation depths determined the relative effect of processing on the iodine content, with a higher reduction for kelp cultivated at 9 m (87%) compared to 1 m (82%). When not taken into consideration, cultivation depth could mask small reductions in iodine content during rinsing or washing. Furthermore, since the final content of PTEs was not dependent on the cultivation depth, the type and extent of processing determines whether cultivation depth should be considered as a factor in cultivation infrastructure design and implementation, or alternatively, in product segmentation.

Work and Welfare as Strategic Complements in Germany’s Postwar Economic Order

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-84
Author(s):  
Philip Manow
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Full Employment ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
State Expansion ◽  
The North ◽  
Wage Coordination ◽  
The Welfare State

Chapter 4 argues that in the three high-growth postwar decades, the welfare state facilitated corporatist cooperation between labor and capital, specifically in the form of wage coordination, thereby avoiding inflation in periods of (almost) full employment. The period of high growth and full employment allowed, in turn, welfare state expansion which was always supported by a grand coalition of Christian and Social Democrats. The chapter reconstructs in more detail how industrial conflict in the metalworking sector—both in the north of Germany, in the shipyards, and in the south of Germany, in the automobile industry—over social rights instead of wages laid the ground for wage coordination (and moderation) German style. It also explains how the welfare state helped unions and employers’ associations to “police the bargain,” to stabilize an inherently unstable arrangement between capital and labor.

scholarly journals Latitudinal, seasonal and depth-dependent variation in growth, chemical composition and biofouling of cultivated Saccharina latissima (Phaeophyceae) along the Norwegian coast

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 2215-2232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silje Forbord ◽  
Sanna Matsson ◽  
Guri E. Brodahl ◽  
Bodil A. Bluhm ◽  
Ole Jacob Broch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Saccharina Latissima ◽  
Seaweed Farming ◽  
Membranipora Membranacea ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Biomass Yields ◽  
Tissue Nitrogen ◽  
Frond Length

Abstract The Norwegian coastline covers more than 10° in latitude and provides a range in abiotic and biotic conditions for seaweed farming. In this study, we compared the effects of cultivation depth and season on the increase in biomass (frond length and biomass yield), chemical composition (protein, tissue nitrogen, intracellular nitrate and ash content) and biofouling (total cover and species composition) of cultivated Saccharina latissima at nine locations along a latitudinal gradient from 58 to 69° N. The effects of light and temperature on frond length and biofouling were evaluated along with their relevance for selecting optimal cultivation sites. Growth was greater at 1–2 m than at 8–9 m depth and showed large differences among locations, mainly in relation to local salinity levels. Maximum frond lengths varied between 15 and 100 cm, and maximum biomass yields between 0.2 and 14 kg m−2. Timing of maximum frond length and biomass yield varied with latitude, peaking 5 and 8 weeks later in the northern location (69° N) than in the central (63° N) and southern (58° N) locations, respectively. The nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor (averaged across all locations and depths) was 3.8, while protein content varied from 22 to 109 mg g−1 DW, with seasonality and latitude having the largest effect. The onset of biofouling also followed a latitudinal pattern, with a delayed onset in northern locations and at freshwater-influenced sites. The dominant epibiont was the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of S. latissima cultivation along a wide latitudinal gradient in North Atlantic waters and underscore the importance of careful site selection for seaweed aquaculture.

scholarly journals Impact of Long-Term Reclaimed Water Irrigation on the Distribution of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil: An In-Situ Experiment Study in the North China Plain

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Gu ◽  
Yong Xiao ◽  
Shiyang Yin ◽  
Honglu Liu ◽  
Baohui Men ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
In Situ Experiment ◽  
The North ◽  
Reclaimed Water Irrigation

The widespread use of reclaimed water has alleviated the water resource crisis worldwide, but long-term use of reclaimed water for irrigation, especially in agricultural countries, might threaten the soil environment and further affect groundwater quality. An in-situ experiment had been carried out in the North China Plain, which aimed to reveal the impact of long-term reclaimed water irrigation on soil properties and distribution of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Zn and Pb) in the soil profile as well as shallow groundwater. Four land plots were irrigated with different quantity of reclaimed water to represent 0, 13, 22 and 35 years’ irrigation duration. Pollution Load Index (PLI) values of each soil layer were calculated to further assess the pollution status of irrigated soils by potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Results showed that long-term reclaimed water irrigation caused appreciable increase of organic matter content, and might improve the soil quality. High soil organic matter concentrations conduced to high adsorption and retention capacity of the soils toward PTEs, which could reduce the risk of PTEs leaching into deep layers or shallow groundwater. Highest levels of Cr, Pb and Zn were observed at 200–240 cm and 460–500 cm horizons in plots. Longer irrigation time (35 years and 22 years) resulted in a decreasing trend of As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn in lower part of soil profiles (>540 cm) compared with that with 13-years’ irrigation years. Long-term reclaimed water irrigation still brought about increases in concentrations of some elements in deep soil layer although their content in soils and shallow groundwater was below the national standard. Totally speaking, proper management for reclaimed water irrigation, such as reduction of irrigation volume and rate of reclaimed water, was still needed when a very long irrigation period was performed.

The growth pattern of the African tortoise Geochelone pardalis and other chelonians

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Hailey ◽  
Ian M Coulson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
The North ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Biased Sex Ratio ◽  
The Difference ◽  
North And South

Growth rings were measured in dead African leopard tortoises, Geochelone pardalis, collected in the seasonal tropics of Zimbabwe over an 11-year period. A series of Ford-Walford plots using growth measured from annuli showed that growth fitted a logistic by mass curve best, logistic by length and Gompertz curves less well, and a Bertalanffy curve least well. The Bertalanffy curve, often fitted to growth of chelonians, is characterised by particularly high growth rates of juveniles compared with larger individuals. It is suggested that this growth pattern is likely to be found in species showing a marked decrease in diet quality with size. This hypothesis is supported by a review of growth patterns in chelonians: Bertalanffy curves are associated with an omnivorous (and thus potentially variable) diet and other growth patterns with an obligate carnivorous or herbivorous diet. Geochelone pardalis in Zimbabwe showed significant sexual size dimorphism, the mean asymptotic mass of females being 1.7 times that of males, unlike populations with larger body sizes to the north and south. Annual survival estimated from age-frequency distributions was significantly higher in males (0.80) than in females (0.72), the difference being sufficient to account for the male-biased sex ratio of live animals.

Genetic diversity of Saccharina latissima (Phaeophyceae) along a salinity gradient in the North Sea-Baltic Sea transition zone

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Møller Nielsen ◽  
Cristina Paulino ◽  
João Neiva ◽  
Dorte Krause-Jensen ◽  
Annette Bruhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Transition Zone ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Saccharina Latissima ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

scholarly journals Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of R4 and R5 High-Strength Mooring Steels in Cold and Warm Seawater

Metals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garikoitz Artola ◽  
Alberto Arredondo ◽  
Ana Fernández-Calvo ◽  
Javier Aldazabal
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Embrittlement ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Mooring Line ◽  
Synthetic Seawater ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Line Design

Hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility ratios calculated from slow strain rate tensile tests have been employed to study the response of three high-strength mooring steels in cold and warm synthetic seawater. The selected nominal testing temperatures have been 3 °C and 23 °C in order to resemble sea sites of offshore platform installation interest, such as the North Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, respectively. Three scenarios have been studied for each temperature: free corrosion, cathodic protection and overprotection. An improvement on the hydrogen embrittlement tendency of the steels has been observed when working in cold conditions. This provides a new insight on the relevance of the seawater temperature as a characteristic to be taken into account for mooring line design in terms of hydrogen embrittlement assessment.

scholarly journals A 45-year sub-annual reconstruction of seawater temperature in the Bay of Brest, France, using the shell oxygen isotope composition of the bivalve Glycymeris glycymeris

The Holocene ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy M Featherstone ◽  
Paul G Butler ◽  
Bernd R Schöne ◽  
Melita Peharda ◽  
Julien Thébault
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
East Atlantic ◽  
The North ◽  
North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre ◽  
Climate Systems ◽  
Bay Of Brest ◽  
Insight Into

A reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) spanning 45 years (1966–2011) was developed from δ18O obtained from the aragonitic shells of Glycymeris glycymeris, collected from the Bay of Brest, France. Bivalve sampling was undertaken monthly between 2014 and 2015 using a dredge. In total, 401 live specimens and 243 articulated paired valves from dead specimens were collected, of which 24 individuals were used to reconstruct SST. Temperatures determined using the palaeotemperature equation of Royer et al. compared well with observed SST during the growing season between 1998 and 2010 (Pearson’s correlation: p = 0.002, r = 0.760). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was found between the reconstructed SST and the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre (SPG) index ( p = 0.001, r = −0.50), and a significant positive correlation was found with the East Atlantic Pattern (EAP) index when the reconstructed SST was lagged by 1 year ( p = 0.002, r = 0.46). This led to the conclusion that EAP and SPG are major influences on SSTs in the Bay of Brest. As the SPG controls air temperature in Northern Europe and the EAP controls water temperature in Southern Europe, this suggests that the Bay of Brest is an interaction area between these two climate systems. As such, this locality is interesting as the δ18O of the shells can be used as a proxy for both the SPG and EAP, and temperature reconstructions can provide a unique insight into how these climate systems interacted prior to the instrumental era.

Establishment, Suppression and Growth of Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T. Baker In Multiaged Forests .II. Sapling Growth and Its Environmental Correlates

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
DMJS Bowman ◽  
JB Kirkpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Incident Solar Radiation ◽  
Environmental Correlates ◽  
The North ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
Sapling Growth ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Area Variation ◽  
Eucalyptus Delegatensis

Seedling and sapling regrowth occupies gaps and includes part of the understorey in the multiaged Eucalyptus delegatensis dry forests of central Tasmania. This regrowth is even-aged for any particular area. Variation in sapling height is symmetrical across east to west sections of gaps, 20-50 m diam., but asymmetrical in the north to south sections, where the tallest seedlings are found to the south. Density, height, diameter and wet weight of E. delegatensis regrowth are highly positively correlated with the distance to the nearest tree but are only related to solar radiation in the gaps. Concentrations of most major plant nutrients in the surface soil, and soil moisture-holding capacity, have no strong relationship with the various growth measures. Thus, adult trees suppress sapling growth independent of incident solar radiation, while sapling growth outside the influence of adult trees increases with increasing incident solar radiation.

Age and growth of the squid Todaropsis eblanae (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) on the north-west African shelf

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander I. Arkhipkin ◽  
Vladimir V. Laptikhovsky
Keyword(s):  
High Growth ◽  
West African ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Length Frequency ◽  
Annual Life Cycle ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
West African Coast ◽  
African Coast

Length composition, maturation and growth of the ommastrephid squid Todaropsis eblanae were studied using length–frequency distributions (LFDs) and statoliths of squid caught off the north-west African coast. Length–frequency distributions were quite similar in all seasons studied, indicating all year round spawning. However, both high proportions of mature squid in the winter and the hatching peak of squid from our sample in spring suggested the winter–spring peak of spawning. Immature and maturing squid had rather high growth rates, attaining 140—150 mm of dorsal mantle length (ML) by the age of 160—170 d. Todaropsis eblanae is likely to have an annual life cycle on the north-west African shelf.

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