The increase in unsaturation of fatty acids of phosphatidylglycerol in thylakoid membrane enhanced salt tolerance in tomato

Abstract Leaf lipids of Aleurites plants that were cultivated for 5 months in air containing 700 ppm CO2, were compared to those of control plants cultivated at 350 ppm CO2. The content of ether soluble lipids referred to dry matter is the same in CO2-and control plants. The comparison of lipids analyzed as the pigments chlorophyll and carotenoids, phospholipids and glycolipids shows that the ratio of phospholipids and glycolipids is slightly shifted in favor of phospholipids in CO2-plants. Thus, within the group of phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol occur in higher concentrations in CO2-plants. Although the differences in the lipid content appear moderate in CO2-and control plants, it is the saturation degree of fatty acids that differs substantially. The fatty acids of CO2-plants contain according to the higher phospholipid content approx. 5% more saturated fatty acids. Stearic acid is three-fold increased. Whereas in the phospholipid fraction saturated fatty acids comprise one half of all fatty acids, the unsaturated fatty acids make up for 80 to 90% in the glycolipid fraction. In CO2-plants not only in the phospholipid fraction but also in the glycolipid fraction saturated fatty acids occur in a higher portion. This means that not only in the cell membrane of CO2-plants but also in the thylakoid membrane the fluidity is decreased. Also in the wax-fraction long-chained carbonic acids with 20 -26 carbon atoms occur. As the portion of these carbonic acids is twice as high in CO2-plants, it is concluded that a stronger formation of the wax layers exists in CO2-plants. By means of Western blotting and by the use of lipid and carotenoid antisera the binding of lipids onto proteins of photosystem II and photosystem I was analyzed. It is seen that besides the major amount of lipids which build up the thylakoid membrane, some lipids are also bound to membrane peptides. Whereas monogalactolipid is bound to the LHCP-complex peptides, to the OEC1 -peptide and the 43 and 47 kDa chlorophyll binding peptides, the anionic lipids sulfoquinovosyldiglyceride and phosphatidylglycerol and digalactolipid are bound to the core peptides of PS II and PS I. β-carotene and the xanthophylls were found to be bound to the core peptides and β-carotene and violaxanthin were also bound to the light-harvesting pigment complex.

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Analysis of Genetic Variation and Enhancement of Salt Tolerance in French Pea (Pisum Sativum L.)

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19082433 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 2433 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Mohamed El-Esawi ◽

Abdullah Al-Ghamdi ◽

Hayssam Ali ◽

Aisha Alayafi ◽

Jacques Witczak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Pisum Sativum ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Oil Content ◽

High Salinity ◽

Aflp Markers ◽

Pisum Sativum L ◽

Trait Associations

Pisum sativum L. (field pea) is a crop of a high nutritional value and seed oil content. The characterization of pea germplasm is important to improve yield and quality. This study aimed at using fatty acid profiling and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to evaluate the variation and relationships of 25 accessions of French pea. It also aimed to conduct a marker-trait associations analysis using the crude oil content as the target trait for this analysis, and to investigate whether 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) could enhance salt tolerance in the pea germplasm. The percentage of crude oil of the 25 pea genotypes varied from 2.6 to 3.5%, with a mean of 3.04%. Major fatty acids in all of the accessions were linoleic acid. Moreover, the 12 AFLP markers used were polymorphic. The cluster analysis based on fatty acids data or AFLP data divided the 25 pea germplasm into two main clusters. The gene diversity of the AFLP markers varied from 0.21 to 0.58, with a mean of 0.41. Polymorphic information content (PIC) of pea germplasm varied from 0.184 to 0.416 with a mean of 0.321, and their expected heterozygosity (He) varied from 0.212 to 0.477 with a mean of 0.362. The AFLP results revealed that the Nain Ordinaire cultivar has the highest level of genetic variability, whereas Elatius 3 has the lowest level. Three AFLP markers (E-AAC/M-CAA, E-AAC/M-CAC, and E-ACA/M-CAG) were significantly associated with the crude oil content trait. The response of the Nain Ordinaire and Elatius 3 cultivars to high salinity stress was studied. High salinity (150 mM NaCl) slightly reduced the photosynthetic pigments contents in Nain Ordinaire leaves at a non-significant level, however, the pigments contents in the Elatius 3 leaves were significantly reduced by high salinity. Antioxidant enzymes (APX—ascorbate peroxidase; CAT—catalase; and POD—peroxidase) activities were significantly induced in the Nain Ordinaire cultivar, but non-significantly induced in Elatius 3 by high salinity. Priming the salt-stressed Nain Ordinaire and Elatius 3 plants with ALA significantly enhanced the pigments biosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes activities, and stress-related genes expression, as compared to the plants stressed with salt alone. In conclusion, this study is amongst the first investigations that conducted marker-trait associations in pea, and revealed a sort of correlation between the diversity level and salt tolerance.

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Effect of Non-Chilling Temperature and Light Intensity during Growth of Squash Cotyledons on the Composition of Thylakoid Membrane Lipids and Fatty Acids

Plant and Cell Physiology ◽

10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a028969 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 471-479 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Y. Xu ◽

P.-A. Siegenthaler

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Light Intensity ◽

Thylakoid Membrane ◽

Membrane Lipids ◽

Chilling Temperature

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Antioxidants and unsaturated fatty acids are involved in salt tolerance in peanut

Acta Physiologiae Plantarum ◽

10.1007/s11738-017-2501-y ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 39 (9) ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Shanshan Liu ◽

Wenqing Wang ◽

Meng Li ◽

Shubo Wan ◽

Na Sui

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

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Bioactive Compounds in Sarcocornia and Arthrocnemum, Two Wild Halophilic Genera from the Iberian Peninsula

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10102218 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 2218

Author(s):

Irene Sánchez-Gavilán ◽

Esteban Ramírez Chueca ◽

Vicenta de la Fuente García

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Ferulic Acid ◽

Iberian Peninsula ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Coastal Marshes ◽

Esi Ms ◽

Tinto River ◽

High Diversity

(1) Background: this study describes bioactive compounds in the following halophytes: Sarcocornia (S. alpini, S. pruinosa, and S. perennis) and Arthrocnemum (A. macrostachyum). The material comes from: coastal marshes in Tinto River, Guadiana River, and some interior provinces from the Iberian Peninsula. (2) Methods: the techniques used were Folin–Ciocalteu, GC-MS, and ESI-MS/MS. (3) Results: Five phenolic acids were found in Sarcocornia: trans-cinnamic, salicylic, veratric, coumaric, and caffeic acids. In addition, in Arthronemum, ferulic acid was also detected. The obtained flavonoids were cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside, luteolin-7-glucoside, dihydroquercetin, and p-coumaroyl-glucoside. They also presented fatty acids, such as palmitic, linoleic, and oleic acids in Sarcocornia, while palmitic, linolenic, and stearic acids were the main fatty acids in A. macrostachyum. (4) Conclusions: the high diversity of the compounds identified confirms the relation between nutritional interest and salt tolerance in halophytes.

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Compositional analysis of the photosynthetic membrane system of western hemlock chloroplasts

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b77-273 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 55 (18) ◽

pp. 2399-2407 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David R. DeYoe ◽

Gregory N. Brown

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Membrane Protein ◽

Thylakoid Membrane ◽

Membrane System ◽

Tsuga Heterophylla ◽

Western Hemlock ◽

Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽

Protein Patterns ◽

Photosynthetic Membrane

The protein, lipid, and fatty acid composition of the thylakoid membrane system of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Rafn.) Sarg.) chloroplasts was determined. Linear gradient slab gel electrophoresis of SDS-solubilized membrane protein preparations from the thylakoid system and its photosystem I (D144) and II (D10) subfractions resolved 32 protein bands. Density analysis of electrophoretic patterns accompanied by molecular weight determinations distinguished complex I at 63 kilodaltons and complex II at 23 kilodaltons.Sequential extraction of the thylakoid pellet in acetone - ethyl ether (4:1, v/v) and chloroform–methanol (2:1, v/v) followed by gel filtration on lipophilic Sephadex LH-20 provided two major lipid fractions. Qualitative thin-layer chromatography using lipid standards and colorimetric assays revealed the presence of monogalactosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, sulphoquinovosyl diglyceride, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl inositol. The concentration of each glycerolipid in micromolars per gram fresh weight of needle tissue was 11.16, 9.90, 6.18, 5.25, 3.16, and 2.32, respectively.The fatty acid contingent of each glycerolipid was determined by gas–liquid chromatography using 15% HI–EFF–IBP on Chromosorb W (100–200 mesh). Trimethyl(α, α, α-trifloro-m-tolyl)ammonium hydroxide was used as the 'on-column' active methylating agent. The following fatty acids were present at detectable concentrations in each of the glycerolipids: palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), linolenic (18:3), and 11-eiconsenoic (20:1). The major fatty acids of the phospholipids were 16:0 and 18:1, while the predominant fatty acids of the glycolipids were 18:3, 18:1, and 16:0.Western hemlock thylakoid membrane protein patterns appeared remarkably similar to those demonstrated in numerous plant and algal systems. On the other hand, thylakoid glycerolipids and their respective fatty acids, while qualitatively similar, revealed significant quantitative differences from values reported for herbaceous species.

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Incorporation of Exogenous Fatty Acids Enhances the Salt Tolerance of Food Yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03896 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 69 (35) ◽

pp. 10301-10310

Author(s):

Dingkang Wang ◽

Hong Chen ◽

Huan Yang ◽

Shangjie Yao ◽

Chongde Wu

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Zygosaccharomyces Rouxii ◽

Food Yeast

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Patatin-Related Phospholipase pPLAIIIγ Involved in Osmotic and Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9050650 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 650

Author(s):

Jianwu Li ◽

Maoyin Li ◽

Shuaibing Yao ◽

Guangqin Cai ◽

Xuemin Wang

Keyword(s):

Signal Transduction ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Abiotic Stress ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Nacl Stress ◽

Plant Tolerance ◽

Wild Type ◽

Hydrolyzing Enzymes

Patatin-related phospholipases (pPLAs) are acyl-hydrolyzing enzymes implicated in various processes, including lipid metabolism, signal transduction, plant growth and stress responses, but the function for many specific pPLAs in plants remains unknown. Here we determine the effect of patatin-related phospholipase A pPLAIIIγ on Arabidopsis response to abiotic stress. Knockout of pPLAIIIγ rendered plants more sensitive whereas overexpression of pPLAIIIγ enhanced plant tolerance to NaCl and drought in seed germination and seedling growth. The pPLAIIIγ-knockout and overexpressing seedlings displayed a lower and higher level of lysolipids and free fatty acids than that of wild-type plants in response to NaCl stress, respectively. These results indicate that pPLAIIIγ acts a positive regulator of salt and osmatic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.

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