scholarly journals Fundamental mechanisms of the stem cell regulation in land plants: lesson from shoot apical cells in bryophytes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Hata ◽  
Junko Kyozuka
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Chromatin Modification ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Marchantia Polymorpha ◽  
Cell Regulation ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
Stem Cell Regulation

Abstract Key message This review compares the molecular mechanisms of stem cell control in the shoot apical meristems of mosses and angiosperms and reveals the conserved features and evolution of plant stem cells. Abstract The establishment and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) are key developmental processes in land plants including the most basal, bryophytes. Bryophytes, such as Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens and Marchantia polymorpha, are emerging as attractive model species to study the conserved features and evolutionary processes in the mechanisms controlling stem cells. Recent studies using these model bryophyte species have started to uncover the similarities and differences in stem cell regulation between bryophytes and angiosperms. In this review, we summarize findings on stem cell function and its regulation focusing on different aspects including hormonal, genetic, and epigenetic control. Stem cell regulation through auxin, cytokinin, CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED (CLE) signaling and chromatin modification by Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) and PRC1 is well conserved. Several transcription factors crucial for SAM regulation in angiosperms are not involved in the regulation of the SAM in mosses, but similarities also exist. These findings provide insights into the evolutionary trajectory of the SAM and the fundamental mechanisms involved in stem cell regulation that are conserved across land plants.

Molecular Mechanisms of Germline Stem Cell Regulation

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco D. Wong ◽  
Zhigang Jin ◽  
Ting Xie
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Germline Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Regulation ◽  
Stem Cell Regulation

scholarly journals Two anatomically distinct niches regulate stem cell activity

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (11) ◽  
pp. 2174-2181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Ema ◽  
Toshio Suda
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Cell Regulation ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Stem Cell Regulation ◽  
Cellular Components

Abstract The niche microenvironment controls stem cell number, fate, and behavior. The bone marrow, intestine, and skin are organs with highly regenerative potential, and all produce a large number of mature cells daily. Here, focusing on adult stem cells in these organs, we compare the structures and cellular components of their niches and the factors they produce. We then define the niche as a functional unit for stem cell regulation. For example, the niche possibly maintains quiescence and regulates fate in stem cells. Moreover, we discuss our hypothesis that many stem cell types are regulated by both specialized and nonspecialized niches, although hematopoietic stem cells, as an exception, are regulated by a nonspecialized niche only. The specialized niche is composed of 1 or a few types of cells lying on the basement membrane in the epithelium. The nonspecialized niche is composed of various types of cells widely distributed in mesenchymal tissues. We propose that the specialized niche plays a role in local regulation of stem cells, whereas the nonspecialized niche plays a role in relatively broad regional or systemic regulation. Further work will verify this dual-niche model to understand mechanisms underlying stem cell regulation.

scholarly journals The Role of MicroRNAs in Cardiac Stem Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nima Purvis ◽  
Andrew Bahn ◽  
Rajesh Katare
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cardiac Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation

Stem cells are considered as the next generation drug treatment in patients with cardiovascular disease who are resistant to conventional treatment. Among several stem cells used in the clinical setting, cardiac stem cells (CSCs) which reside in the myocardium and epicardium of the heart have been shown to be an effective option for the source of stem cells. In normal circumstances, CSCs primarily function as a cell store to replace the physiologically depleted cardiovascular cells, while under the diseased condition they have been shown to experimentally regenerate the diseased myocardium. In spite of their major functional role, molecular mechanisms regulating the CSCs proliferation and differentiation are still unknown. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Recent studies have demonstrated the important role of miRs in regulating stem cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as other physiological and pathological processes related to stem cell function. This review summarises the current understanding of the role of miRs in CSCs. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which miRs regulate CSCs may lead to advances in the mode of stem cell therapies for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Gastric Stem Cell and Cellular Origin of Cancer

Biomedicines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Hata ◽  
Yoku Hayakawa ◽  
Kazuhiko Koike
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Stem Cell Markers ◽  
Cell Markers ◽  
Cellular Origin ◽  
Cell Niche ◽  
Stem Cell Populations ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Several stem cell markers within the gastrointestinal epithelium have been identified in mice. One of the best characterized is Lgr5 (leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5) and evidence suggests that Lgr5+ cells in the gut are the origin of gastrointestinal cancers. Reserve or facultative stem or progenitor cells with the ability to convert to Lgr5+ cells following injury have also been identified. Unlike the intestine, where Lgr5+ cells at the crypt base act as active stem cells, the stomach may contain unique stem cell populations, since gastric Lgr5+ cells seem to behave as a reserve rather than active stem cells, both in the corpus and in the antral glands. Gastrointestinal stem cells are supported by a specific microenvironment, the stem cell niche, which also promotes tumorigenesis. This review focuses on stem cell markers in the gut and their supporting niche factors. It also discusses the molecular mechanisms that regulate stem cell function and tumorigenesis.

scholarly journals Predicting gene regulatory networks by combining spatial and temporal gene expression data in Arabidopsis root stem cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (36) ◽  
pp. E7632-E7640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Angels de Luis Balaguer ◽  
Adam P. Fisher ◽  
Natalie M. Clark ◽  
Maria Guadalupe Fernandez-Espinosa ◽  
Barbara K. Möller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Network Inference ◽  
Quiescent Center ◽  
Cell Regulation ◽  
Gene Regulatory Network Inference ◽  
Stem Cell Regulation ◽  
Gene Regulatory

Identifying the transcription factors (TFs) and associated networks involved in stem cell regulation is essential for understanding the initiation and growth of plant tissues and organs. Although many TFs have been shown to have a role in the Arabidopsis root stem cells, a comprehensive view of the transcriptional signature of the stem cells is lacking. In this work, we used spatial and temporal transcriptomic data to predict interactions among the genes involved in stem cell regulation. To accomplish this, we transcriptionally profiled several stem cell populations and developed a gene regulatory network inference algorithm that combines clustering with dynamic Bayesian network inference. We leveraged the topology of our networks to infer potential major regulators. Specifically, through mathematical modeling and experimental validation, we identified PERIANTHIA (PAN) as an important molecular regulator of quiescent center function. The results presented in this work show that our combination of molecular biology, computational biology, and mathematical modeling is an efficient approach to identify candidate factors that function in the stem cells.

scholarly journals Metabolic Regulation of Stem Cells in Aging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Keller ◽  
Tyus Temple ◽  
Behnam Sayanjali ◽  
Maria M. Mihaylova
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Dietary Interventions

AbstractPurpose of ReviewFrom invertebrates to vertebrates, the ability to sense nutrient availability is critical for survival. Complex organisms have evolved numerous signaling pathways to sense nutrients and dietary fluctuations, which influence many cellular processes. Although both overabundance and extreme depletion of nutrients can lead to deleterious effects, dietary restriction without malnutrition can increase lifespan and promote overall health in many model organisms. In this review, we focus on age-dependent changes in stem cell metabolism and dietary interventions used to modulate stem cell function in aging.Recent FindingsOver the last half-century, seminal studies have illustrated that dietary restriction confers beneficial effects on longevity in many model organisms. Many researchers have now turned to dissecting the molecular mechanisms by which these diets affect aging at the cellular level. One subpopulation of cells of particular interest are adult stem cells, the most regenerative cells of the body. It is generally accepted that the regenerative capacity of stem cells declines with age, and while the metabolic requirements of each vary across tissues, the ability of dietary interventions to influence stem cell function is striking.SummaryIn this review, we will focus primarily on how metabolism plays a role in adult stem cell homeostasis with respect to aging, with particular emphasis on intestinal stem cells while also touching on hematopoietic, skeletal muscle, and neural stem cells. We will also discuss key metabolic signaling pathways influenced by both dietary restriction and the aging process, and will examine their role in improving tissue homeostasis and lifespan. Understanding the mechanisms behind the metabolic needs of stem cells will help bridge the divide between a basic science interpretation of stem cell function and a whole-organism view of nutrition, thereby providing insight into potential dietary or therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Lipid metabolism in focus: how the build-up and breakdown of lipids affects stem cells

Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Madsen ◽  
Mergim Ramosaj ◽  
Marlen Knobloch
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
De Novo ◽  
De Novo Lipogenesis ◽  
Cell Regulation ◽  
Beta Oxidation ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Stem Cell Regulation ◽  
Neural Stem Progenitor Cells

ABSTRACT Cellular metabolism has recently emerged as a key regulator of stem cell behavior. Various studies have suggested that metabolic regulatory mechanisms are conserved in different stem cell niches, suggesting a common level of stem cell regulation across tissues. Although the balance between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation has been shown to be distinct in stem cells and their differentiated progeny, much less is known about lipid metabolism in stem cell regulation. In this Review, we focus on how stem cells are affected by two major lipid metabolic pathways: the build-up of lipids, called de novo lipogenesis, and the breakdown of lipids, called fatty acid beta-oxidation. We cover the recent literature on hematopoietic stem cells, intestinal stem cells, neural stem/progenitor cells and cancer stem cells, where these two lipid pathways have been studied in more depth.

scholarly journals Non-Coding RNAs in Stem Cell Regulation and Cardiac Regeneration: Current Problems and Future Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9160
Author(s):  
Victor Schweiger ◽  
Ena Hasimbegovic ◽  
Nina Kastner ◽  
Andreas Spannbauer ◽  
Denise Traxler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Cardiac Regeneration ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Cell Regulation ◽  
Stem Cell Regulation ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Primary Focus

Although advances in rapid revascularization strategies following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have led to improved short and long-term outcomes, the associated loss of cardiomyocytes and the subsequent remodeling result in an impaired ventricular function that can lead to heart failure or death. The poor regenerative capacity of the myocardium and the current lack of effective regenerative therapies have driven stem cell research in search of a possible solution. One approach involves the delivery of stem cells to the site of injury in order to stimulate repair response. Although animal studies initially delivered promising results, the application of similar techniques in humans has been hampered by poor target site retention and oncogenic considerations. In response, several alternative strategies, including the use of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), have been introduced with the aim of activating and regulating stem cells or inducing stem cell status in resident cells. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are ncRNAs with pivotal functions in cell proliferation and differentiation, whose role in stem cell regulation and potential significance for the field of cardiac regeneration is the primary focus of this review. We also address the general advantages of ncRNAs as promising drivers of cardiac regeneration and potent stem cell regulators.

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