scholarly journals Plasticity of barley in response to plant neighbors in cultivar mixtures

2019 ◽  
Vol 447 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 537-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Dahlin ◽  
Lars P. Kiær ◽  
Göran Bergkvist ◽  
Martin Weih ◽  
Velemir Ninkovic
Keyword(s):  
Plant Traits ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
N Use ◽  
Cultivar Mixtures ◽  
Plant Plant

Abstract Aims Cultivar mixtures can increase productivity through complementarity in resource use, but reported results are often conflicting and the role of plasticity in shaping plant-plant interactions is poorly understood. We aim to determine if individual cultivars show different phenotypic responses when grown in a mixture, whether these responses depend on the neighboring cultivar identity, and how they contribute to variations in productivity and nitrogen (N) use. Methods Five spring barley cultivars were field-grown in pure stands and in mixtures during 2 years. Plant traits related to development, growth, N use, and reproduction were measured to identify temporal patterns of plastic responses to neighboring plants. Results Plants in mixtures were shorter and developed slower early in the season, but later on they grew faster and produced more grain than the corresponding pure stands. Some cultivars showed complementary N accumulation only when grown together with specific neighbors. Mechanisms of improved productivity differed between the individual mixtures. Conclusions Plastic plant-plant interaction between cultivars is an important driver behind the variability in mixing effects. Results contribute to a better understanding of how productivity in cultivar mixtures is affected by plastic adaptation and differentiation of plant traits, depending on the environment created by neighboring genotypes.

Ecological field theory model: a mechanistic approach to simulate plant–plant interactions in southeastern forest ecosystems

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2180-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pu Mou ◽  
Robert J. Mitchell ◽  
Robert H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Vegetation Dynamics ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Simulation Accuracy ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Plant Plant

Ecological field theory, unlike many other vegetation modeling approaches, provides a basis to construct an individually based, spatially explicit, and resource-mediated model for mechanistic simulation of plant–plant interactions and vegetation dynamics. The model REGROW has been developed, based on ecological field theory principles, to simulate vegetation dynamics for northern hardwood forests. Using data from a current study of a southern pine system to calibrate a modified version of this model, SPGROW, we simulated growth of individuals for the first growing season in stands of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) and sweetgum (Liquidambarstyraciflua L.) seedlings and loblolly pine seedling–sweetgum sprout mixtures. SPGROW accurately simulated stand development at population and stand levels. However, less agreement occurred at the individual level between simulated and field survey values, possibly owing to lack of data on site heterogeneity and genetic variation. Plant interactions, which altered resource availability (light, water, and nutrients) to individual plants, played a major role in differentiating plant size in the model. Given its unique model structure and simulation accuracy, SPGROW has the potential to provide very detailed insight into the mechanisms of plant–plant interactions.

scholarly journals Breeding and genetic patterns in trait expression and efficiency of creation of spring barley cultivars

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Kozachenko ◽  
N. I. Vasko ◽  
O. H. Naumov ◽  
P. M. Solonechnyi ◽  
O. V. Solonechna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Quality ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Breeding Method ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
State Register ◽  
Genetic Patterns ◽  
Yield Capacity ◽  
The Creation

Aim. Solutions of scientific problems of increasing the efficiency of genetic breeding methods are important objectives in the creation of valuable spring barley cultivars. Methods. Analyses of variance, variation, correlation and regression as well as genetic methods of analyzing features of genotypes in the diallel crossing and top-crossing design were used. Results. The important scientific problems with regard to increasing the efficiency of breeding for yield capacity, brewing quality and starch fraction composition were solved by establishing morphological and biological characteristics, dispersion, correlation, variability, adaptability, breeding and genetic peculiarities of inheritance, heritability, components of genetic variation, combining ability of plant traits as well as the effectiveness of hybridization and mutagenesis methods. As a result of the patterns established, the efficiency of the creation of economically valuable spring barley cultivars was increased. Conclusions. The new solutions of important scientific problems of raising the efficiency of breeding for yield capacity and grain quality were proposed and generalized. On this basis, valuable cultivars were created. As of 2017, 17 of them have been were included in the State Register of Plant Varieties suitable for dissemination inUkraine. Keywords: breeding-genetic patterns, Hordeum vulgare L., cultivar, breeding method, yield capacity and grain quality.

scholarly journals Identifying Spring Barley Cultivars with Differential Response to Tillage

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian C. Newton ◽  
Tracy A Valentine ◽  
Blair M. McKenzie ◽  
Timothy S. George ◽  
David C. Guy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Morphological Trait ◽  
Breeding Programme ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Cultivar Mixtures

Cultivars and some cultivar mixtures of spring barley were grown under inversion and non-inversion tillage conditions for three or four years and assessed for disease and yield in order to obtain genotypes that can be used to determine the mechanisms of cultivation adaptation. In general, the higher-yielding cultivars under inversion tillage conditions gave lower yields under non-inversion tillage, whereas low-yielding older cultivars showed relatively smaller reductions in yield under non-inversion tillage. A few cultivars showed preferential yield performance for either inversion or non-inversion tillage and this was irrespective of their overall yield performance. There was no pedigree or breeding programme link between these cultivars and no above-ground gross morphological trait observed was associated with tillage adaptation. Root hairs may contribute to inversion tillage adaptation as a root hair absence mutant was associated with non-inversion adaptation and it is likely that other root-associated traits are responsible also for tillage adaptation. There was no overall cultivar or tillage interaction with rhynchosporium symptoms but a differential tillage interaction may occur in individual years. We have identified clearly contrasting cultivars and tested their across-season robustness with respect to tillage treatment for further detailed mechanistic studies and identification of tillage adaptation traits.

scholarly journals Genetic patterns of breeding upon creation of the first Ukrainian waxy barley cultivar Shedevr

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 104-108
Author(s):  
M. R. Kozachenko ◽  
A. G. Naumov ◽  
N. I. Vasko ◽  
P. N. Solonechnyi ◽  
O. V. Solonechna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Composition ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Barley Cultivar ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Barley Breeding ◽  
Genetic Patterns

Aim. The study’s purpose was to establish genetic patterns of waxy barley breeding on the basis of determination of genetic and breeding characteristics of accessions with different fractional composition of starch during 10/11-year cycles of the breeding process upon creation of waxy barley cultivars. Methods. Analysis of variance, calculus of variations, correlation analysis, genetic and breeding methods were used to investigate peculiarities of genotypes in topcross, diallel and pair-crossing designs. Results. The important scientific problem concerning establishment of genetic patterns of waxy spring barley breeding was solved. We determined morpho-biological features, variability, correlations and genetic peculiarities of inheritance, heritability, genetic variation and combining ability for quantitative traits of plants as well as for amylopectin content in starch of F1 hybrids derived from forms with different fractional composition of starch. As a result of establishing the patterns, the effectiveness of creation of valuable lines and waxy barley cultivar Shedevr with amylopectin starch was demonstrated. Conclusions. The morpho-biological, breeding and genetic peculiarities of plant traits with different fractional composition of starch were determined. On this basis, the genetic patterns of waxy barley breeding were established, and the first Ukrainian waxy barley cultivar Shedevr (with amylopectin starch) was created. Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L., accession, cultivar, amylopectin starch, genetic peculiarities.

scholarly journals Functional–Structural Plant Modeling Highlights How Diversity in Leaf Dimensions and Tillering Capability Could Promote the Efficiency of Wheat Cultivar Mixtures

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Blanc ◽  
Pierre Barbillon ◽  
Christian Fournier ◽  
Christophe Lecarpentier ◽  
Christophe Pradal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Traits ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Final Height ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Leaf Dimensions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cultivar Mixtures

Increasing the cultivated diversity has been identified as a major leverage for the agroecological transition as it can help improve the resilience of low input cropping systems. For wheat, which is the most cultivated crop worldwide in terms of harvested area, the use of cultivar mixtures is spreading in several countries, but studies have seldom focused on establishing mixing rules based on plant architecture. Yet, the aerial architecture of plants and the overall canopy structure are critical for field performance as they greatly influence light interception, plant interactions and yield. The very high number of trait combinations in wheat mixtures makes it difficult to conduct experimentations on this issue, which is why a modeling approach appears to be an appropriate solution. In this study, we used WALTer, a functional structural plant model (FSPM), to simulate wheat cultivar mixtures and try to better understand how differences between cultivars in key traits of the aerial architecture influence mixture performance. We simulated balanced binary mixtures of cultivars differing for different critical plant traits: final height, leaf dimensions, leaf insertion angle and tillering capability. Our study highlights the impact of the leaf dimensions and the tillering capability on the performance of the simulated mixtures, which suggests that traits impacting the plants' leaf area index (LAI) have more influence on the performance of the stand than traits impacting the arrangement of the leaves. Our results show that the performance of mixtures is very variable depending on the values of the explored architectural traits. In particular, the best performances were achieved by mixing cultivars with different leaf dimensions and different tillering capability, which is in agreement with numerous studies linking the diversity of functional traits in plant communities to their productivity. However, some of the worst performances were also achieved by mixing varieties differing in their aerial architecture, which suggests that diversity is not a sufficient criterion to design efficient mixtures. Overall, these results highlight the importance of simulation-based explorations for establishing assembly rules to design efficient mixtures.

ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS ON GERMINATION OF SORGHUM SEEDS

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitendra Rajpoot
Keyword(s):  
Biological System ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
System A ◽  
Allelopathic Effects ◽  
Plant Plant

International Allelopathy Society has redefined Allelopathy as any process involving secondary metabolities produced by plants, algae, bacteria, fungi and viruses that influences the growth and development of agricultural and biological system; a study of the functions of secondary metabolities, their significance in biological organization, their evolutionary origin and elucidation of the mechanisms involving plant-plant, plant-microorganisms, plant-virus, plant-insect, plant-soil-plant interactions.

scholarly journals Competition-free gaps are essential for the germination and recruitment of alpine species along an elevation gradient in the European Alps

Alpine Botany ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Margreiter ◽  
Janette Walde ◽  
Brigitta Erschbamer
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Seed Sowing ◽  
Plant Plant

AbstractSeed germination and seedling recruitment are key processes in the life cycle of plants. They enable populations to grow, migrate, or persist. Both processes are under environmental control and influenced by site conditions and plant–plant interactions. Here, we present the results of a seed-sowing experiment performed along an elevation gradient (2000–2900 m a.s.l.) in the European eastern Alps. We monitored the germination of seeds and seedling recruitment for 2 years. Three effects were investigated: effects of sites and home sites (seed origin), effects of gaps, and plant–plant interactions. Seeds of eight species originating from two home sites were transplanted to four sites (home site and ± in elevation). Seed sowing was performed in experimentally created gaps. These gap types (‘gap + roots’, ‘neighbor + roots’, and ‘no-comp’) provided different plant–plant interactions and competition intensities. We observed decreasing germination with increasing elevation, independent of the species home sites. Competition-released gaps favored recruitment, pointing out the important role of belowground competition and soil components in recruitment. In gaps with one neighboring species, neutral plant–plant interactions occurred (with one exception). However, considering the relative vegetation cover of each experimental site, high vegetation cover resulted in positive effects on recruitment at higher sites and neutral effects at lower sites. All tested species showed intraspecific variability when responding to the experimental conditions. We discuss our findings considering novel site and climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Trichoderma Strains and Metabolites Selectively Increase the Production of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Olive Trees

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Irene Dini ◽  
Roberta Marra ◽  
Pierpaolo Cavallo ◽  
Angela Pironti ◽  
Immacolata Sepe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Lipid Signaling ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Trichoderma Fungi ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Plant Plant

Plants emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that induce metabolomic, transcriptomic, and behavioral reactions in receiver organisms, including insect pollinators and herbivores. VOCs’ composition and concentration may influence plant-insect or plant-plant interactions and affect soil microbes that may interfere in plant-plant communication. Many Trichoderma fungi act as biocontrol agents of phytopathogens and plant growth promoters. Moreover, they can stimulate plant defense mechanisms against insect pests. This study evaluated VOCs’ emission by olive trees (Olea europaea L.) when selected Trichoderma fungi or metabolites were used as soil treatments. Trichoderma harzianum strains M10, T22, and TH1, T. asperellum strain KV906, T. virens strain GV41, and their secondary metabolites harzianic acid (HA), and 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP) were applied to olive trees. Charcoal cartridges were employed to adsorb olive VOCs, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis allowed their identification and quantification. A total of 45 volatile compounds were detected, and among these, twenty-five represented environmental pollutants and nineteen compounds were related to olive plant emission. Trichoderma strains and metabolites differentially enhanced VOCs production, affecting three biosynthetic pathways: methylerythritol 1-phosphate (MEP), lipid-signaling, and shikimate pathways. Multivariate analysis models showed a characteristic fingerprint of each plant-fungus/metabolite relationship, reflecting a different emission of VOCs by the treated plants. Specifically, strain M10 and the metabolites 6PP and HA enhanced the monoterpene syntheses by controlling the MEP pathway. Strains GV41, KV906, and the metabolite HA stimulated the hydrocarbon aldehyde formation (nonanal) by regulating the lipid-signaling pathway. Finally, Trichoderma strains GV41, M10, T22, TH1, and the metabolites HA and 6PP improve aromatic syntheses at different steps of the shikimate pathway.

Nitrogen requirement of cereals: 2. Multi-level nitrogen tests with spring barley in south-western England

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Needham ◽  
D. A. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Spring Barley ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Nitrogen Requirement ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
N Use

SummarySeventeen experiments with spring barley testing seven amounts of nitrogen were made on commercial farms in Somerset, Devon and Cornwall between 1965 and 1968. Crop measurements and determinable site factors were only partially successful in accounting for differences between sites and between years in optimal N and efficiency of N use below optimum.The actual optima were found to differ considerably from predicted N requirements based on past cropping and summer rainfall.

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