scholarly journals Scripted Reality: How Observers Make Sense of a Non-consensual Sexual Encounter

Sex Roles ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Mulder ◽  
Stephanie Olsohn
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Female Student ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Sexual Scripts ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Sexual Encounter ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
Sexual Violation ◽  
Articulated Thoughts ◽  
And Gender

AbstractResearch on third party reactions to (transgressive) sexual encounters has frequently bypassed the question of how observers categorize such encounters as normal sexual experience, sexual violence, or potentially as something else. In the present study, we investigated the ways in which participants made sense of a nonconsensual sexual encounter between a man (i.e., the initiating party) and either a male or a female student (i.e., the targeted party). We specifically focused on how participants utilized sexual scripts and gender stereotypes to describe what happened and as a means of attributing responsibility to the actors. Using the Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations (ATSS) technique, 52 Dutch participants (26 men and 26 women) responded aloud to a vignette. Data were analyzed using discourse analysis as employed in discursive psychology. The findings demonstrated that participants constructed the event described in the vignette as normal while depicting the targeted party as abnormal and accountable. Participants strategically employed sexual scripts and gender stereotypes to describe the event as predictable and not serious and the initiating party’s actions as in little need of explanation. The targeted party was positioned as detached from this “objective reality” and was held accountable for neither following nor sufficiently breaking with the script. In consequence, the event was rendered nonthreatening. Our results illustrated the ways in which predominant discourses influence interpretations of encounters as transgressive or “just” sex, having important implications for those who seek to share their experiences of sexual violation.

scholarly journals Filling in the (gendered) gaps: How observers frame claims of sexual assault

2021 ◽  
pp. 026975802110618
Author(s):  
Eva Mulder ◽  
Alice Kirsten Bosma
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Frame Analysis ◽  
Rape Myths ◽  
Sexual Scripts ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Claims of sexual assault are especially prone to scrutiny and (re)interpretation as something else. We investigated how people judged the veracity of sexual assault claims and how they subsequently framed their interpretations of these claims using ‘general knowledge’ in the form of sexual scripts, rape myths, and gender stereotypes. Participants ( n = 161) read about a sexual assault allegation by a male or female claimant and were asked to describe in more detail what they thought had happened. Data were analyzed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative frame analysis. A key finding was that although participants mostly accepted the facts of the claim, this did not automatically imply they shared the claimant’s interpretation of the event as (serious) sexual assault. The analysis revealed that participants drew upon distinct frames to interpret the claim, including frames – such as regretted consensual sex and miscommunication – that exonerated the accused and emphasized claimant responsibility. Frames were differentially employed in response to male and female claims of sexual assault. We discuss how our research design and findings can contribute to an increased understanding of the underlying mechanisms of victim acknowledgment.

In defence of not-knowing: uncertainty and contemporary narratives of sexual violence

2021 ◽  
pp. 146470012098738
Author(s):  
Samantha Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Sexual Agency ◽  
Sexual Encounter ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Discursive Space ◽  
Sexual Violation ◽  
Public Exposure ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

This article models a critical method of engaging with not-knowing as it relates to discourses around sexual agency and sexual violation through an analysis of Carmen Maria Machado’s short story ‘The Husband Stitch’. I argue that sexual and gender-based violation not only enforces harmful forms of uncertainty among the women of the story. It also forecloses the potentially productive capacities of modes of not-knowing. In doing so, I respond to assertions from feminist scholars as varied Linda Martín Alcoff, Mary Gaitskill, Laura Kipnis and Joseph Fischel that we need to better account for the full ‘complexity’ of narratives of sexual encounter – including violent encounters. Broadly, in a #MeToo era in which stories of sexual and gender-based violence have received unprecedented mainstream public exposure, I contend that we can both treat the testimonies of survivors as credible and authoritative, and open up discursive space for the experience and expression of not-knowing.

PROFIL KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA DITINJAU DARI TINGKAT KECEMASAN MATEMATIKA DAN JENDER

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Endang Wahyuningrum ◽  
Disti Pratiwi ◽  
Sandra Sukmaning Adji
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Mathematics Anxiety ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Female Student ◽  
Math Anxiety ◽  
Male Student ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
School Students ◽  
And Gender

The purpose of this study was to describe the creative thinking skills of junior high school students based on mathematics anxiety and gender. Aspects of creative thinking skills used in this study are fluency, flexibility, and novelty. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The instruments used were open-ended questions consisting of algebra and geometry questions, mathematics anxiety questionnaires, and interview guidelines. The study was conducted in class IX E of SMPI Al Azhar 12 Rawamangun Jakarta. The subject of this study consisted of four students, they are male student with low mathematics anxiety, female student with low mathematics anxiety, male student with medium mathematics anxiety, and female student with medium mathematics anxiety. The results of the mathematics anxiety questionnaire showed that none of the students in class IX E had high math anxiety. There are differences in the fulfillment of aspects of creative thinking in terms of differences in mathematics anxiety and gender levels. Students with low math anxiety fulfill aspects of fluency, flexibility, and novelty in algebra and geometry questions. Students with medium math anxiety fulfill aspects of fluency and flexibility both in algebra and geometry questions. Female students fulfill aspects of fluency, flexibility, and novelty both in algebra and geometry questions. Male students fulfill aspects of fluency and flexibility in algebra questions, while in geometry questions the aspects that are fulfilled are fluency, flexibility, and novelty.

An investigation of STEM Interest, Mathematics Beliefs and gender stereotypes among pre-service early childhood educators

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Delahunty ◽  
Máire Ní Ríordáin ◽  
Mark Prendergast
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Gender Stereotype ◽  
Early Childhood Teacher ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Stem Interest

BackgroundThe underrepresentation of women in STEM fields is a pervasive global issue. Despite evidence casting doubt on the preconceived notions that males outperform females in these domains, gender stereotype beliefs persist and have been highlighted as potential cultural barriers limiting females opportunities. Gender stereotype and ability beliefs emerge in early childhood and recent evidence has highlighted early childhood education as a promising period for the cultivation of positive STEM dispositions. AimsThis study investigated gender stereotype beliefs, mathematical self-beliefs and STEM attitudes among a sample of pre-service early childhood teachers to assess the existence of stereotype endorsements and predictive relationships with STEM interests.SampleParticipants were pre-service early childhood teacher (N=74), mean age 21.17 years, 4 males and 70 femalesMethodsElectronic surveys utilising a series of pre-established scales, measuring gender stereotype bias from ability and cultural perspectives, mathematical self-belief variables (self-efficacy, self-concept, anxiety), and interest in STEM, were distributed. ResultsRegression analysis reveal previous level of mathematical study at secondary school, social persuasions as a sources of self-efficacy and gender stereotype endorsements as significant predictors of overall attitude to STEMConclusions Findings suggest the importance of previous school experience and social influences as well as participants’ gender stereotype endorsements in influencing interest in STEM. These data are discussed in light of implications for teachers; future practice and teacher education

First impression sexual scripts of romantic encounters: Effect of gender on verbal and non verbal immediacy behaviors in American media dating culture

2021 ◽  
pp. 026540752110330
Author(s):  
Oleksandra Romaniuk ◽  
Larissa Terán
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Reality Television ◽  
Head Tilt ◽  
Sexual Scripts ◽  
Nonverbal Immediacy ◽  
Verbal Immediacy ◽  
Immediacy Behaviors ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
First Impression ◽  
American Media

The current study investigates sexual scripts in reality dating shows—in particular, how the gender of the communicator affects the choice of verbal and nonverbal immediacy behaviors aimed at making a first impression. Data were drawn from 331 couples of opposite-sex heterosexual strangers interacting for approximately 30 seconds on two reality dating shows: The Bachelor and The Bachelorette (2012–2019). As a result, a codebook of verbal immediacy cues ( N = 1623) and nonverbal immediacy cues ( N = 3021) was derived. The findings showed that verbal behavior encompassed 11 categories of verbal immediacy cues, while nonverbal behavior included 32 categories of nonverbal immediacy cues. Results also showed gender-related preferences for verbal immediacy behavior; for instance, men were more likely to outline the probability of relationship development and pay compliments; conversely, women were prone to intriguing men to arouse curiosity and interest. As for nonverbal immediacy behavior, men were predisposed to use clothes straightening, while women tended to communicate immediacy through head tilt, shoulder shrug, gaze down, gaze side(s), eyebrow flashes, hand-in-hand, hug, pat, holding hands in front of their bodies, and hair grooming. Nonetheless, the similarities between men and women were found to be greater than the differences. These findings could have wide-reaching implications for theorizing on social and cultural norms, gender stereotypes, and traditional gender roles in intimate relationships in the form of sexual scripts, along with contributing to the study of reality television.

scholarly journals Custody and Care of Children in Spain: Can the Two Rights be Reconciled?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Jabbaz Churba
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Parental Authority ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Children’S Voices ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis study aims to analyse the legal decision-making process in the Community of Valencia (Spain) regarding contentious divorces particularly with respect to parental authority (patria potestas), custody and visiting arrangements for children, and the opinions of mothers and fathers on the impact these judicial measures have had on their lives. It also considers the biases in these decisions produced by privileging the rights of the adults over those of the children. Three particular moments are studied: (1) the situation before the break-up, focusing on the invisible gender gap in care; (2) the judicial process, where we observe the impact of hidden gender-based violence and gender stereotypes; and (3) the situation post-decision, showing how any existing violence continues after divorce, by means of parental authority. The concept of ‘motherhood under threat’ is placed at the centre of these issues, where children’s voices are given the least attention.

Attitudes toward Extrarelational Sex as a Function of Participant's and Third Party's Gender

2004 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 965-968
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Qaqiesh ◽  
Pamela C. Regan
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Partner ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Individual Male ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
And Gender

An experiment was conducted to examine whether attitudes toward extrarelational sex, i.e., “swinging,” differed as a function of participant's gender and gender of the third party, i.e., the “swinging” partner. Participants were asked to imagine that their current romantic partner had expressed an interest in “swinging” with another individual (male or female, randomly assigned). Analysis yielded several significant differences by participants' gender. Specifically, men expressed greater interest than did women in joining a swinger's club, reported a higher likelihood than did women of actually joining such a club, and believed more than women that their sex life with their partner would improve after joining a swinger's club. Participants also preferred a female more than a male swinging partner, although this comparison was not statistically significant.

scholarly journals Intersecting race and gender stereotypes: Implications for group-level attitudes

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1172-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis E. Phills ◽  
Amanda Williams ◽  
Jennifer M. Wolff ◽  
Ashley Smith ◽  
Rachel Arnold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
South Asians ◽  
The United States ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Minority Men ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Two studies examined the relationship between explicit stereotyping and prejudice by investigating how stereotyping of minority men and women may be differentially related to prejudice. Based on research and theory related to the intersectional invisibility hypothesis (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008), we hypothesized that stereotyping of minority men would be more strongly related to prejudice than stereotyping of minority women. Supporting our hypothesis, in both the United Kingdom (Study 1) and the United States (Study 2), when stereotyping of Black men and women were entered into the same regression model, only stereotyping of Black men predicted prejudice. Results were inconsistent in regard to South Asians and East Asians. Results are discussed in terms of the intersectional invisibility hypothesis (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008) and the gendered nature of the relationship between stereotyping and attitudes.

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