scholarly journals Epistemic Disadvantage

Philosophia ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rena Beatrice Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Injustice ◽  
Meaningful Difference ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
The Difference

AbstractRecent philosophical literature on epistemic harms has paid little attention to the difference between deliberate and non-deliberate harms. In this paper, I analyze the “Curare Case,” a case from the 1940’s in which patient testimony was disregarded by physicians. This case has been described as an instance of epistemic injustice. I problematize this description, arguing instead that the case shows an instance of “epistemic disadvantage.” I propose epistemic disadvantage indicates when harms result from warranted asymmetric relations that justifiably exclude individuals from hermeneutical participation. Epistemic disadvantage categorizes harms that result from justifiable exclusions, are non-deliberate, and result from poor epistemic environments. This analysis brings out a meaningful difference between accidental and deliberate harms in communicative exchanges.

scholarly journals Winning margins in British Thoroughbred racehorses

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-66
Author(s):  
K. Allen ◽  
T. Procter
Keyword(s):  
Sporting Events ◽  
Horse Racing ◽  
Meaningful Difference ◽  
Know How ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Thoroughbred Racehorses ◽  
Percentage Improvement ◽  
Training Strategies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 1

In human sporting events the difference between finishing first and second is often less than 1%. For each sporting discipline it is important to know how large an enhancement of performance needs to be before it makes a difference to the medal winning prospects of that athlete. In contrast to the known winning margins in many human sporting disciplines, the winning margins in horse racing are unknown. The winning margins for group 1, 2 and 3 flat and national hunt races over a 5 year period were calculated. For flat races 3 categories were included: (1) flat races of 6 furlongs; (2) 1 mile; or (3) 1 mile 4 furlongs1. For national hunt 2 categories were included: (1) hurdle races over 2 miles; or (2) chase races over 3 miles. Race times from a total of 416 races were included (275 flat races and 141 national hunt races). Overall the percentage difference between first place and second place was only 0.32%, the difference between coming first and third was 0.75% and between first and fourth was 1.15%. Overall, the winning margins between first place and second place were closer for flat races than for national hunt races. When a 1% improvement was applied to the fourth placed horse this would result in the winning time in 76% of flat races and 50% of national hunt races. This study shows the very small margins between winning and placing in horseracing. These results are similar to those of elite human sporting disciplines. This suggests that training strategies and veterinary interventions that result in a small percentage improvement in performance may translate to a meaningful difference in terms of winning/placing.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Vulnerable Women and the Influence on Children Caring in Garut District

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 345-360
Author(s):  
Joko Susilo Raharjo ◽  
Hadi Prabowo ◽  
Sampara Lukman
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
General Information ◽  
Meaningful Difference ◽  
Female Children ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
Attitudes Toward Children ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The research aimed to assess women's attitudes toward children from low and high socio-economic backgrounds. The study sample included 300 children, 143 women and 157 boys. This research used a quantitative method with a descriptive-analysis approach. Female children were given "General Information Forms" and "Scale of Family Life and Child-Raising Attitudes," The results were analyzed using the t-test approach and Analysis of Variance. After analyzing women's attitudes toward children by gender, it was discovered that there was no statistically meaningful difference (p > 0.05) at the end of the study. Women with a lower socio-economic background were found to be more protective, more resistant to women's positions, less fitting, and more stringent disciplinarians (p 0.001). It is well recognized that people with Overprotection Syndrome have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. When the relationship between women's behaviours was considered, it was discovered that there was only a clear relationship (p 0.05) between the aspects of women's strict control and other dimensions and a connection between all maternal sizes. The difference in mood is significant (p 0.001).

scholarly journals Muscle oxygenation maintained during repeated sprints despite inspiratory muscle loading

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramón F. Rodriguez ◽  
Nathan E. Townsend ◽  
Robert J. Aughey ◽  
François Billaut
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Meaningful Difference ◽  
Sprint Exercise ◽  
Sixth Intercostal Space ◽  
The Difference

AbstractA high work of breathing can compromise limb oxygen delivery during sustained high-intensity exercise. However, it is unclear if the same is true for intermittent sprint exercise. This project examined the addition of an inspiratory load on locomotor muscle tissue reoxygenation during repeated-sprint exercise. Ten healthy males completed three experimental sessions of ten 10 s sprints, separated by 30 s of passive rest on a cycle ergometer. The first two sessions were “all-out’ efforts performed without (CTRL) or with inspiratory loading (INSP) in a randomised and counterbalanced order. The third experimental session (MATCH) consisted of ten 10 s work-matched intervals. Tissue saturation index (TSI) and deoxy-haemoglobin (HHb) of the vastus lateralis and sixth intercostal space was monitored with near-infrared spectroscopy. Vastus lateralis reoxygenation (ΔReoxy) was calculated as the difference from peak HHb (sprint) to nadir HHb (recovery). Total mechanical work completed was similar between INSP and CTRL (effect size: −0.18, 90% confidence limit ±0.43), and differences in vastus lateralis TSI during the sprint (−0.01, ±0.33) and recovery (−0.08, ±0.50) phases were unclear. There was also no meaningful difference in ΔReoxy (0.21, ±0.37). Intercostal HHb was higher in the INSP session compared to CTRL (0.42, ±0.34), whilst the difference was unclear for TSI (−0.01, ±0.33). During MATCH exercise, differences in vastus lateralis TSI were unclear compared to INSP for both sprint (0.10, ±0.30) and recovery (−0.09, ±0.48) phases, and there was no meaningful difference in ΔReoxy (−0.25, ±0.55). Intercostal TSI was higher during MATCH compared to INSP (0.95, ±0.53), whereas HHb was lower (−1.09, ±0.33). The lack of difference in ΔReoxy between INSP and CTRL suggests that for intermittent sprint exercise, the metabolic O2demands of both the respiratory and locomotor muscles can be met. Additionally, the similarity of the MATCH suggests that ΔReoxy was maximal in all exercise conditions.

Care and injustice

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-73
Author(s):  
Brunella Casalini
Keyword(s):  
Social Epistemology ◽  
Care Ethics ◽  
Epistemic Injustice ◽  
Systematic Theory ◽  
Theory Of Justice ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Care And Justice

After briefly reconstructing the debate concerning care and justice, this article highlights the difference between liberal ontology and epistemology, and the epistemic and ontological assumptions of care ethics. It explores the importance of social epistemology and epistemic injustice for care ethics and links care ethics to an ecological and horizontal epistemology. It justifies forgoing the construction of a systematic theory of justice à la Rawls, endorses an idea of justice that gives priority to injustice and sees democracy as a precondition for a caring society.

Necessary Being

1961 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Hick
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Logical Necessity ◽  
Paul Tillich ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
Concept Of God ◽  
Necessary Being ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Christian Thought

Necessary being' is one of the terms by means of which Christian thought has sought to define the difference between God and man. The notion of necessary being, applied to God and withheld from man, indicates that God and man differ not merely in the characteristics which they possess but more fundamentally, in their modes of being, or in the fact that they exist in different senses of the word ‘exist’.That such a distinction, however it may be best expressed, is essential to the Christian concept of God is agreed virtually on all hands. Paul Tillich in our own day emphasises the distinction to the extent of using different terms to refer to the reality of God and of man respectively. Human beings and other created things exist; God, on the other hand, does not exist, but is Being-itself. This is the most recent way of formulating a discrimination which has been classically expressed in the history of Christian thought by the idea of the necessary being of God in contrast to the contingent being of man and of the whole created order. There are, however, two importantly different concepts which may be, and which have been, expressed by the phrase ‘necessary being’. ‘Necessity’, in a philosophical context, usually means logical necessity, and gives rise in theology to the concept of a being such that it is logically impossible that this being should not exist. But this is not the only kind of necessity referred to in philosophical literature.

scholarly journals Analisis Perbedaan Kinerja Saham Perusahaan Berdasarkan Model Sharpe, Treynor, Jensen dan Sortino Pada Kelompok Saham LQ 45 Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2010 – 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Pantun Bukit ◽  
Yunan Surono ◽  
Nani Astriana
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Meaningful Difference ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Performance Score ◽  
Maximum Performance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Maximum Range ◽  
The Difference

The research aims to prove the difference in stock performance of LQ 45 stock group companies in the Indonesia Stock Exchange period 2010 – 2018 based on the models Sharpe, Treynor, Jensen and Sortino, and to get a group of stocks that have the most performance well based on the four models. In this research the samples used were the LQ 45 stock group in the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2010 – 2018 which always emerged as the LQ 45 index counter of as many as 21 issuers, which provided complete data from financial statements, not including banking stocks because it has different financial statements, does not do stock split and does not have a negative book equity. This form of research is an explolanatoris research. The results showed that based on the value of figures with Sharpe model in the range-15.92764 to the maximum range of 25.85580. For model number values with model Treynor in the range-0.22986 to the maximum range of 0.37314. The value of the Jensen model number in the range-0.08787 to the maximum range is 0.33096., while the number value with the Sortino model at the range-5.86684 to the maximum range of 9.52381. Based on the measurement of the performance of groups with the Sharpe model has a minimal performance score with Z-score-2.88024 which occurred in July of 2013., while the maximum performance score with Z-score 4.36889 happened in August of 2018.  The Treynor model has a minimal performance score with Z-score – 2.88024 that occurred in July of 2013., while the maximum performance score with Z-score 4.36889 occurred in August of 2018. On the Jensen model had a minimal performance score with Z-score-1.99550 which occurred in July of 2013., while the maximum performance score with Z-score 7.30738 occurred in August of 2018. On the Sortino model had a minimal performance score with Z-score-2.88024 which took place in July of 2013., while the maximum performance score with Z-score 4.36889 occurred in August of 2018. The results of the test with Kruskal Wallish test on the four models acquired χ2 = 4.267, with a probability of 0.118. Then it can be known that the probability of testing > 0.05 and χ2 count < χ2 table 5.32. These results showed that there was no significant difference between testing with models of Sharpe, Treynor, Jensen and Sortino. Thus the nil hypothesis (H0) In this study was received. Another test by comparing the calculation of the stock group performance calculations as a continuation of the Kruskal Wallish test was obtained there is no meaningful difference between each treatment by looking at the difference to the four mean rank , which demonstrates consistency in the interdistinction between the four measurements.

scholarly journals Series of Combined Pretreatment Can Affect the Solubilization of Waste-Activated Sludge

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4165
Author(s):  
Alsayed Mostafa ◽  
Min-Gyun Kim ◽  
Seongwon Im ◽  
Mo-Kwon Lee ◽  
Seoktae Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Waste Activated Sludge ◽  
Meaningful Difference ◽  
Excitation Emission Matrix ◽  
Simple Strategy ◽  
Combined Pretreatment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pretreatment Conditions

Various pretreatment methods have been combined and employed for maximizing the solubilization of waste-activated sludge (WAS). However, the question “by changing the series of applied combined pretreatments (CPs), can the solubilization efficiency of WAS be affected?” has never been addressed. In this study, firstly, thermal (T), alkaline (A), and ultrasonic (U) pretreatments were individually applied at broad strengths (T = 80–120 °C for 30 min, A = pH 9–12, and U = 5–60 min at 300 W). Then, pretreatment conditions that caused similar solubilization (13.0%) (120 °C, pH 11, and 30 min for T, A, and U, respectively), were adopted for CP with reverse sequences of T&A, U&A, and T&U. A similar disintegration degree was observed in U→A and A→U, while a meaningful difference was found in T&A and T&U: T→A (28.3%), A→T (42.9%), T→U (22.9%), and U→T (27.1%). The difference in pretreatment series also affected the characteristics of soluble matters, which was analyzed by excitation emission matrix and molecular weight distribution. Due to these differences, the highest methane yield of 68.8% (based on (chemical oxygen demand) CODinput) was achieved at A→T, compared to T→A (62.3%). Our results suggested a simple strategy for increasing solubilization, at the same expense of energy, which might be beneficial in the following treatment process, such as dewatering and transportation.

scholarly journals Kadar radikal superoksid (O2-), nitric oxide (NO) dan asupan lemak pada pasien hipertensi dan tidak hipertensi

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Pudji Astutik ◽  
Merryana Adriani ◽  
Bambang Wirjatmadi
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Meaningful Difference ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Average Consumption

Background: Hypertension closely related to impaired endothelial dependent vasodilation due to a decline in theavailability of nitric oksid (NO) and high fat intake, decreased Nitric Oksid caused due to increased levels ofsuperoksid.Objective: to analyze the differences in the levels of Superoksid Radical (O2-), Nitric oxide (N0) and fat intake inpatients with hypertension and not hypertension .Methods: this research is cross sectional, research amount sampelnya taken at random. 24 respondent patientsconsisting of 12 cases control, and 12 the age of 65 40- tahun.pengambilan samples conducted in outpatient installationregional general hospital Sidoarjo. Done bseline superoksid levels, nitric oxide and recall fat intake.Results: the average rate of Superoksid respondents not hypertension 0.250± 0, 034U/mL, 0,314± 056U/mLhypertension, Average levels of Nitric oksid respondents not hypertension 116,083± 46,962μ M, of which hypertension72,333± 40,51μ M, average consumption of fat respondents not hypertension 41,65± 8, 32gram, 51,52± 6,74gramhypertension . Based on the test results the difference against Superoksid levels of both research groups using a t-testtwo samples are free retrieved the value p < 0,05 (p = 0,004), NO content retrieved the value p < 0,05 (p = 0,023), fatintake obtained the value of p < 0,05 (p = 0,004) which means that there is a meaningful difference in the levels ofSuperoksid, Nitric oxide and the level of fat intake among respondents with no hypertension and hypertension.Conclusion: there is a radical difference in the levels of Superoksid, NO (Nitric Oxide) and fat intake in patients withhypertension and not hypertension.

Identification of Voids and Cracks by Ultrasonic Technique

2006 ◽  
Vol 326-328 ◽  
pp. 665-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiuh Chuan Her ◽  
Ming Chih Chang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Nondestructive Evaluation ◽  
Incident Wave ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ultrasonic Technique ◽  
Evaluation Technique ◽  
Meaningful Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Scattering Wave ◽  
The Difference

Ultrasonic is one of the most wide use of nondestructive evaluation technique. Voids and cracks are the most common defects in a solid. In this investigation, the ultrasonic technique is used to distinguish the defects between the void and crack. As an incident wave impinges on the crack tip, the diffractive wave can be detected from various angles. The amplitude of the diffraction is dependent on the receiving angle. For a void, the incident wave is scattered, the amplitude of the scattering wave is also dependent on the receiving angle. By comparing the amplitudes between the diffractive wave and the scattering wave, one is able to identify the defect of a void or a crack from the other. In this work, 5MHz of longitudinal and shear transducers are used and placed in a variety of incident and receiving angles to examine the difference between the void and crack. The experimental results are validated by the theoretical calculation. In order to identify the void and crack, it is required to have significant difference between the diffractive and scattering waves. The range of the detecting angle, which possesses a meaningful difference between the diffractive and scattering waves, is proposed through the numerical and experimental study to help the identification of the void and crack.

scholarly journals Coercion

2020 ◽  
pp. 91-118
Author(s):  
Jonathan Pugh
Keyword(s):  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
The Difference

This chapter considers two questions: First, in what sense does coercion undermine voluntariness, and second, can offers be coercive? The second is particularly relevant in bioethics, as there are a number of practical debates in which it is claimed that vulnerable individuals’ autonomy is undermined by their being subject to ‘coercive offers’. Having adverted to cases of this, the author draws on the philosophical literature on the nature of coercion to answer the two aforementioned questions. He argues that our answers to these questions are importantly interrelated, and that this point has been obscured by a widespread misunderstanding of the difference between threats and offers. He then provides an account that accommodates the possibility of some coercive offers, and that also identifies features that are central to establishing whether an offer can serve to undermine voluntariness in a manner that is sufficient to invalidate consent.

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