The impact of ocean warming on marine organisms

As the ocean absorbs excessive anthropogenic CO2 and ocean acidification proceeds, it is thought to be harder for marine calcifying organisms, such as shellfish, to form their skeletons and shells made of calcium carbonate. Recent studies have suggested that various marine organisms, both calcifiers and non-calcifiers, will be affected adversely by ocean warming and deoxygenation. However, regardless of their effects on calcifiers, the spatiotemporal variability of parameters affecting ocean acidification and deoxygenation has not been elucidated in the subarctic coasts of Japan. This study conducted the first continuous monitoring and future projection of physical and biogeochemical parameters of the subarctic coast of Hokkaido, Japan. Our results show that the seasonal change in biogeochemical parameters, with higher pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in winter than in summer, was primarily regulated by water temperature. The daily fluctuations, which were higher in the daytime than at night, were mainly affected by daytime photosynthesis by primary producers and respiration by marine organisms at night. Our projected results suggest that, without ambitious commitment to reducing CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, such as by following the Paris Agreement, the impact of ocean warming and acidification on calcifiers along subarctic coasts will become serious, exceeding the critical level of high temperature for 3 months in summer and being close to the critical level of low saturation state of calcium carbonate for 2 months in mid-winter, respectively, by the end of this century. The impact of deoxygenation might often be prominent assuming that the daily fluctuation in DO concentration in the future is similar to that at present. The results also suggest the importance of adaptation strategies by local coastal industries, especially fisheries, such as modifying aquaculture styles.

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BIOCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS FOR AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM HEALTH ASSESSMENTS ADAPTED TO THE AUSTRALIAN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

The APPEA Journal ◽

10.1071/aj98038 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 584 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.M. Gagnon ◽

K. Grice ◽

R.I. Kagi

Keyword(s):

Environmental Health ◽

Biochemical Markers ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Petroleum Industry ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Marine Organisms ◽

Chemical Markers ◽

Gas Industry ◽

Chemical Measurements ◽

The Impact

Field assessments using biochemical and chemical markers in marine organisms will be necessary to provide the Australian Petroleum Industry with a realistic evaluation of the impact of their activities on the marine environment. In field investigations, wild or caged animals are sacrificed and their organs are collected in order to assess if industrial activities do have a significant adverse impact on the organisms' health. Biochemical markers of chronic exposure to contamination may include reversible effects such as induction of a detoxification system, or permanent effects such as damage to nuclear DN A. Studies of sentinel species using biochemical markers of exposure, complemented by chemical analyses provide a realistic holistic method for assessment of environmental health. This multidisciplinary approach has proven valuable in Europe and North America.This paper outlines the need for biochemical and chemical markers to assess environmental health in a dynamic milieu such as the North West Shelf of Australia. Selected biochemical markers for use by the oil and gas industry in field monitoring of ecological health, and the complementary chemical measurements focussed on persistent contaminants such as poly eye lie aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are described. The biological and ecotoxicological significance of the biochemical markers applied in sentinel marine organisms is reviewed, and some limitations regarding their interpretation are stated. It is suggested that biochemical monitoring of the environment complemented with sophisticated chemical measurements can provide environmental managers working within the oil and gas industry with a system for ecotoxicological monitoring programs in offshore Australia.

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Modelling the impact of ocean warming on melting and water masses of ice shelves in the Eastern Weddell Sea

Ocean Dynamics ◽

10.1007/s10236-010-0262-x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 479-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Malte Thoma ◽

Klaus Grosfeld ◽

Keith Makinson ◽

Manfred A. Lange

Keyword(s):

Ocean Warming ◽

Weddell Sea ◽

Water Masses ◽

Ice Shelves ◽

The Impact ◽

Eastern Weddell Sea

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Comparison of Short-Term Toxicity of 14 Common Phycotoxins (Alone and in Combination) To The Survival of Brine Shrimp Artemia Salina

10.21203/rs.3.rs-905984/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yu Ting Zhang ◽

Shanshan SONG ◽

Bin ZHANG ◽

Yang ZHANG ◽

Miao TIAN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ecological Risk ◽

Harmful Algal Blooms ◽

Algal Blooms ◽

Algal Species ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Marine Ecosystems ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Marine Organisms ◽

Short Term ◽

The Impact

Abstract Toxic harmful algal blooms (HABs) can cause deleterious effects in marine organisms, threatening the stability of marine ecosystems. It is well known that different strains, natural populations and growth conditions of the same toxic algal species may lead to different amount of phycotoxin production and the ensuing toxicity. To fully assess the ecological risk of toxic HABs, it is of great importance to investigate the toxic effects of phycotoxins in marine organisms. In this study, the short-term toxicity of 14 common phycotoxins (alone and in combination) in the marine zooplankton Artemia salina was investigated. On the basis of 48 h LC50, the order of toxicity in A. salina was AZA3 (with a LC50 of 0.0203 µg/ml)＞AZA2 (0.0273 µg/ml) ＞PTX2 (0.0396 µg/ml)＞DTX1 (0.0819 µg/ml)＞AZA1 (0.106 µg/ml)＞ SPX1 (0.144 µg/ml)＞YTX (0.172 µg/ml)＞dcSTX (0.668 µg/ml)＞OA (0.728 µg/ml)＞STX (1.042 µg/ml)＞GYM (1.069 µg/ml)＞PbTx3 (1.239 µg/ml)＞hYTX (1.799 µg/ml)＞PbTx2 (2.415 µg/ml). For the binary exposure, additive effects of OA and DTX1, DTX1 and hYTX; antagonistic effects of OA and PTX2, OA and STX; and synergetic effects of DTX1 and STX, DTX1 and YTX, DTX1 and PTX2, PTX2 and hYTX on the mortality of A. salina were observed. These results provide valuable toxicological data for assessing the impact of phycotoxins on marine planktonic species and highlight the potential ecological risk of toxic HABs in marine ecosystems.

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The impact of the Pliensbachian–Toarcian crisis on belemnite assemblages and size distribution

Swiss Journal of Palaeontology ◽

10.1186/s13358-021-00242-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 140 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kenneth De Baets ◽

Paulina S. Nätscher ◽

Patricia Rita ◽

Emmanuel Fara ◽

Pascal Neige ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Marine Organisms ◽

Second Order ◽

Regional Diversity ◽

Oceanic Anoxic Event ◽

Quantitative Studies ◽

Anoxic Event ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe second-order Pliensbachian–Toarcian crisis affected major groups of marine organisms. While its impact has been intensively studied for ammonites, the response of belemnites is only currently emerging through quantitative studies. Novel overall and regional diversity analyses suggest that belemnite richness in the NW-Tethys drops at the Pliensbachian–Toarcian boundary, while overall diversity slightly increases in NW-Tethys assemblages during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic event (T-OAE), mostly driven by NW European assemblages (e.g., Yorkshire). The T-OAE coincides with marked taxonomic turnover within individual basins, which is associated with an increase in median rostrum size of specimens in taxa at most localities. The changes in median body size across the Pliensbachian–Toarcian boundary are less consistent and driven by changes in body size within individual lineages crossing the boundary. However, our analyses also illustrate differences in sampling across the Pliensbachian–Toarcian crisis, which needs to be considered in further studies.

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The Role of Temperature on the Impact of Remediated Water towards Marine Organisms

Water ◽

10.3390/w12082148 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 2148

Author(s):

Francesca Coppola ◽

Ana Bessa ◽

Bruno Henriques ◽

Tania Russo ◽

Amadeu M. V. M. Soares ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Impact ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Marine Species ◽

Ruditapes Philippinarum ◽

Marine Organisms ◽

Aquatic Systems ◽

Related Factors ◽

Temperature Conditions ◽

Significant Toxicity ◽

The Impact

Marine organisms are frequently exposed to pollutants, including trace metals, derived from natural and anthropogenic activities. In order to prevent environmental pollution, different approaches have been applied to remove pollutants from waste water and avoid their discharge into aquatic systems. However, organisms in their natural aquatic environments are also exposed to physico-chemical changes derived from climate change-related factors, including temperature increase. According to recent studies, warming has a negative impact on marine wildlife, with known effects on organisms physiological and biochemical performance. Recently, a material based on graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with polyethyleneimine (PEI) proved to be effective in the remediation of mercury (Hg) contaminated water. Nevertheless, no information is available on the toxic impacts of such remediated water towards aquatic systems, neither under actual nor predicted temperature conditions. For this, the present study assessed the toxicity of seawater, previously contaminated with Hg and remediated by GO-PEI, using the clam species Ruditapes philippinarum exposed to actual and a predicted temperature conditions. The results obtained demonstrated that seawater contaminated with Hg and/or Hg+GO-PEI induced higher toxicity in clams exposed to 17 and 22 °C compared to organisms exposed to remediated seawater at the same temperatures. Moreover, similar histological and biochemical results were observed between organisms exposed to control and remediated seawater, independently of the temperatures (17 and 21 °C), highlighting the potential use of GO-PEI to remediate Hg from seawater without significant toxicity issues to the selected marine species.

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Marine Natural Products: A Source of Novel Anticancer Drugs

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md17090491 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (9) ◽

pp. 491 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Shaden A. M. Khalifa ◽

Nizar Elias ◽

Mohamed A. Farag ◽

Lei Chen ◽

Aamer Saeed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Products ◽

Anticancer Drugs ◽

Marine Natural Products ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Marine Organisms ◽

New Drugs ◽

Bioactive Metabolites ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

The Impact

Cancer remains one of the most lethal diseases worldwide. There is an urgent need for new drugs with novel modes of action and thus considerable research has been conducted for new anticancer drugs from natural sources, especially plants, microbes and marine organisms. Marine populations represent reservoirs of novel bioactive metabolites with diverse groups of chemical structures. This review highlights the impact of marine organisms, with particular emphasis on marine plants, algae, bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, sponges and soft corals. Anti-cancer effects of marine natural products in in vitro and in vivo studies were first introduced; their activity in the prevention of tumor formation and the related compound-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicities were tackled. The possible molecular mechanisms behind the biological effects are also presented. The review highlights the diversity of marine organisms, novel chemical structures, and chemical property space. Finally, therapeutic strategies and the present use of marine-derived components, its future direction and limitations are discussed.

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Integrating within-species variation in thermal physiology into climate change ecology

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2018.0550 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 374 (1778) ◽

pp. 20180550 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Scott Bennett ◽

Carlos M. Duarte ◽

Núria Marbà ◽

Thomas Wernberg

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Climate ◽

Thermal Sensitivity ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Population Level ◽

Marine Organisms ◽

Ocean Warming ◽

Species Variation ◽

Thermal Physiology ◽

Physiological Diversity

Accurately forecasting the response of global biota to warming is a fundamental challenge for ecology in the Anthropocene. Within-species variation in thermal sensitivity, caused by phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation of thermal limits, is often overlooked in assessments of species responses to warming. Despite this, implicit assumptions of thermal niche conservatism or adaptation and plasticity at the species level permeate the literature with potentially important implications for predictions of warming impacts at the population level. Here we review how these attributes interact with the spatial and temporal context of ocean warming to influence the vulnerability of marine organisms. We identify a broad spectrum of thermal sensitivities among marine organisms, particularly in central and cool-edge populations of species distributions. These are characterized by generally low sensitivity in organisms with conserved thermal niches, to high sensitivity for organisms with locally adapted thermal niches. Important differences in thermal sensitivity among marine taxa suggest that warming could adversely affect benthic primary producers sooner than less vulnerable higher trophic groups. Embracing the spatial, temporal and biological context of within-species variation in thermal physiology helps explain observed impacts of ocean warming and can improve forecasts of climate change vulnerability in marine systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen’.

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Electrochemical Characteristics of BIS 2062 Carbon Steel Under Simulated Ocean Acidification Scenario

10.26434/chemrxiv.12441920 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

K R DEVIKA ◽

P MUHAMED ASHRAF

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Ocean Acidification ◽

Marine Environment ◽

Research Paper ◽

Marine Organisms ◽

Natural Seawater ◽

Electrochemical Characteristics ◽

Boat Building ◽

The Impact

Dear Professor,<div>I am herewith enclosing a research paper entitled “Electrochemical characteristics of BIS 2062 carbon steel under simulated ocean acidification scenario.” authored by Devika KR, and me. The research paper highlights the behavior of carbon steel in acidified natural seawater. Ocean acidification is a burning issue under climate change. Several studies have undertaken to understand the behavior marine organisms and marine environment. No studies have initiated regarding the deterioration of materials due to ocean acidification. Large number of materials were deployed in the ocean with different objectives. These materials are under risk as the ocean acidification continues. We believe this is the first attempt to study the impact of ocean acidification on carbon steel. The study conducted to evaluate the impact of ocean acidification on BIS 2062 boat building steel. The results showed that the carbon steel will deteriorate 2 to 3 times higher when pH was changed from 8.05 to 7.90. The data highlights the immediate need to redesign the marine materials within 1-2 decade. The paper also highlights the possible mechanism of deterioration under different pH scenario.Thanking youSincerelyashrafp </div>

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