Scientometric Review of Trends on the Mechanical Properties of Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing

The development of new bio-based inks is a stringent request for the expansion of additive manufacturing towards the development of 3D-printed biocompatible hydrogels. Herein, methacrylated carboxymethyl cellulose (M-CMC) is investigated as a bio-based photocurable ink for digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. CMC is chemically modified using methacrylic anhydride. Successful methacrylation is confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Aqueous formulations based on M-CMC/lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) photoinitiator and M-CMC/Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)/LAP show high photoreactivity upon UV irradiation as confirmed by photorheology and FTIR. The same formulations can be easily 3D-printed through a DLP apparatus to produce 3D shaped hydrogels with excellent swelling ability and mechanical properties. Envisaging the application of the hydrogels in the biomedical field, cytotoxicity is also evaluated. The light-induced printing of cellulose-based hydrogels represents a significant step forward in the production of new DLP inks suitable for biomedical applications.

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A Review on Additive Manufacturing of Ceramics

Volume 1: Additive Manufacturing; Manufacturing Equipment and Systems; Bio and Sustainable Manufacturing ◽

10.1115/msec2019-2886 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Brooke Mansfield ◽

Sabrina Torres ◽

Tianyu Yu ◽

Dazhong Wu

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Ceramic Materials ◽

Complex Geometries ◽

Laminated Object Manufacturing ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Aided Design ◽

Binder Jetting

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has been used for rapid prototyping due to its ability to produce parts with complex geometries from computer-aided design files. Currently, polymers and metals are the most commonly used materials for AM. However, ceramic materials have unique mechanical properties such as strength, corrosion resistance, and temperature resistance. This paper provides a review of recent AM techniques for ceramics such as extrusion-based AM, the mechanical properties of additively manufactured ceramics, and the applications of ceramics in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, energy, electronics, and medical. A detailed overview of binder-jetting, laser-assisted processes, laminated object manufacturing (LOM), and material extrusion-based 3D printing is presented. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in AM of ceramics are identified.

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Investigation of a Short Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polyamide and Comparison of Two Manufacturing Processes: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) and Polymer Injection Moulding (PIM)

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13030672 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 672 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Elena Verdejo de Toro ◽

Juana Coello Sobrino ◽

Alberto Martínez Martínez ◽

Valentín Miguel Eguía ◽

Jorge Ayllón Pérez

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Injection Moulding ◽

New Technologies ◽

Mechanical Response ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Polymer Injection ◽

Fused Deposition

New technologies are offering progressively more effective alternatives to traditional ones. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is gaining importance in fields related to design, manufacturing, engineering and medicine, especially in applications which require complex geometries. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is framed within AM as a technology in which, due to their layer-by-layer deposition, thermoplastic polymers are used for manufacturing parts with a high degree of accuracy and minimum material waste during the process. The traditional technology corresponding to FDM is Polymer Injection Moulding, in which polymeric pellets are injected by pressure into a mould using the required geometry. The increasing use of PA6 in Additive Manufacturing makes it necessary to study the possibility of replacing certain parts manufactured by injection moulding with those created using FDM. In this work, PA6 was selected due to its higher mechanical properties in comparison with PA12. Moreover, its higher melting point has been a limitation for 3D printing technology, and a further study of composites made of PA6 using 3D printing processes is needed. Nevertheless, analysis of the mechanical response of standardised samples and the influence of the manufacturing process on the polyamide’s mechanical properties needs to be carried out. In this work, a comparative study between the two processes was conducted, and conclusions were drawn from an engineering perspective.

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Mechanical and physical properties of fine-grained concrete for concrete additive manufacturing

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20199102041 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 91 ◽

pp. 02041

Author(s):

Sergey Udodov ◽

Yuriy Galkin ◽

Philip Belov

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Crucial Role ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Concrete Composition ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽

Time Periods

Additive manufacturing (3D printing) is becoming more and more common in the field of modern construction. However, for wider implementation of this technology, it is necessary to solve a number of material-oriented scientific problems related to development of concrete composition with targeted rheological, stress-strain, physical and mechanical properties. It has been established that time periods between successful applications of layers play the crucial role in ensuring monolithic features of the “printed” structures. Application of mathematics planning of the experiment allowed establishing the main principles of formation of basic physical and mechanical properties of fine-grained concrete depending on material composition.

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Possible Applications of Additive Manufacturing Technologies in Shipbuilding: A Review

Machines ◽

10.3390/machines8040084 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 84

Author(s):

Marcin Ziółkowski ◽

Tomasz Dyl

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Weight Reduction ◽

Maritime Industry ◽

High Quality ◽

Printing Technology ◽

3D Printing Technology ◽

Manufacturing Technologies ◽

Very High

3D printing conquers new branches of production due to becoming a more reliable and professional method of manufacturing. The benefits of additive manufacturing such as part optimization, weight reduction, and ease of prototyping were factors accelerating the popularity of 3D printing. Additive manufacturing has found its niches, inter alia, in automotive, aerospace and dentistry. Although further research in those branches is still required, in some specific applications, additive manufacturing (AM) can be beneficial. It has been proven that additively manufactured parts have the potential to out perform the conventionally manufactured parts due to their mechanical properties; however, they must be designed for specific 3D printing technology, taking into account its limitations. The maritime industry has a long-standing tradition and is based on old, reliable techniques; therefore it implements new solutions very carefully. Besides, shipbuilding has to face very high classification requirements that force the use of technologies that guarantee repeatability and high quality. This paper provides information about current R&D works in the field of implementing AM in shipbuilding, possible benefits, opportunities and threats of implementation.

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Customized design and additive manufacturing of kids’ ankle foot orthosis

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-07-2019-0194 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (10) ◽

pp. 1677-1685 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Harish Kumar Banga ◽

Parveen Kalra ◽

Rajendra M. Belokar ◽

Rajesh Kumar

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Gait Cycle ◽

Foot Drop ◽

Human Gait ◽

Content Type ◽

Ankle Foot Orthosis ◽

New Material ◽

Foot Orthosis

Purpose The purpose of this study is improvement of human gait by customized design of ankle foot orthosis (AFO). An has been the most frequently used orthosis in children with cerebral palsy. AFOs are designed to boost existing features or to avoid depression or traumatize muscle contractures. The advantages of AFO’s utilized for advancement in human walk attributes for the improvement in foot deformities patients or youngsters with spastic loss of motion. In this research on the customized design of AFO's to improve gait, there are limitations during walking of foot drop patients. In children with foot drops, specific AFOs were explicitly altered to improve parity and strength which are beneficial to walking positions. Design/methodology/approach This study proposes the customized design of AFOs using computerized and additive manufacturing for producing advances to alter the design and increase comfort for foot drop patients. Structuring the proposed design fabricated by using additive manufacturing and restricted material, the investigation was finalized at the Design Analysis Software (ANSYS). The system that performs best under investigation can additionally be printed using additive manufacturing. Findings The results show that the customized design of AFOs meets the patient’s requirements and could also be an alternative solution to the existing AFO design. The biomechanical consequences and mechanical properties of additive manufactured AFOs have been comparable to historically synthetic AFOs. While developing the novel AFO designs, the use of 3D printing has many benefits, including stiffness and weight optimization, to improve biomechanical function and comfort. To defeat the issues of foot drop patients, a customized AFO is used to improve the human gait cycle with new material and having better mechanical properties. Originality/value This research work focuses on the biomechanical impacts and mechanical properties of customized 3D-printed AFOs and compares them to traditionally made AFOs. Customized AFO design using 3D printing has numerous potential advantages, including new material with lightweight advancement, to improve biomechanical function and comfort. Normally, new applications mean an incremental collection of learning approximately the behavior of such gadgets and blending the new design, composite speculation and delivered substance production. The test results aim to overcome the new AFO structure issues and display the limited components and stress examination. The outcome of the research is the improved gait cycle of foot drop patients.

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Property Analysis of Photo-Polymerization-Type 3D-Printed Structures Based on Multi-Composite Materials

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11188545 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (18) ◽

pp. 8545

Author(s):

So-Ree Hwang ◽

Min-Soo Park

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Composite Materials ◽

3D Printing ◽

Bending Test ◽

3D Printer ◽

Complex Structures ◽

Photo Polymerization ◽

Anisotropic Structures ◽

3D Printed

Additive manufacturing, commonly called 3D printing, has been studied extensively because it can be used to fabricate complex structures; however, polymer-based 3D printing has limitations in terms of implementing certain functionalities, so it is limited in the production of conceptual prototypes. As such, polymer-based composites and multi-material 3D printing are being studied as alternatives. In this study, a DLP 3D printer capable of printing multiple composite materials was fabricated using a movable separator and structures with various properties were fabricated by selectively printing two composite materials. After the specimen was fabricated based on the ASTM, the basic mechanical properties of the structure were compared through a 3-point bending test and a ball rebound test. Through this, it was shown that structures with various mechanical properties can be fabricated using the proposed movable-separator-based DLP process. In addition, it was shown that this process can be used to fabricate anisotropic structures, whose properties vary depending on the direction of the force applied to the structure. By fabricating multi-joint grippers with varying levels of flexibility, it was shown that the proposed process can be applied in the fabrication of soft robots as well.

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Comparison between Tests and Simulations Regarding Bending Resistance of 3D Printed PLA Structures

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13244371 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 4371

Author(s):

Dorin-Ioan Catana ◽

Mihai-Alin Pop ◽

Denisa-Iulia Brus

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Bending Stress ◽

Test Results ◽

Printing Process ◽

Simulation Process ◽

Bending Resistance ◽

3D Printed

Additive manufacturing is one of the technologies that is beginning to be used in new fields of parts production, but it is also a technology that is constantly evolving, due to the advances made by researchers and printing equipment. The paper presents how, by using the simulation process, the geometry of the 3D printed structures from PLA and PLA-Glass was optimized at the bending stress. The optimization aimed to reduce the consumption of filament (material) simultaneously with an increase in the bending resistance. In addition, this paper demonstrates that the simulation process can only be applied with good results to 3D printed structures when their mechanical properties are known. The inconsistency of printing process parameters makes the 3D printed structures not homogeneous and, consequently, the occurrence of errors between the test results and those of simulations become natural and acceptable. The mechanical properties depend on the values of the printing process parameters and the printing equipment because, in the case of 3D printing, it is necessary for each combination of parameters to determine their mechanical properties through specific tests.

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Effect of Porosity and Crystallinity on 3D Printed PLA Properties

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11091487 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1487 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Yuhan Liao ◽

Chang Liu ◽

Bartolomeo Coppola ◽

Giuseppina Barra ◽

Luciano Di Maio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Heat Treatment ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Complex Geometry ◽

Fused Filament Fabrication ◽

3D Printed ◽

Physical Changes ◽

Crystalline Forms

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising technology for the rapid tooling and fabrication of complex geometry components. Among all AM techniques, fused filament fabrication (FFF) is the most widely used technique for polymers. However, the consistency and properties control of the FFF product remains a challenging issue. This study aims to investigate physical changes during the 3D printing of polylactic acid (PLA). The correlations between the porosity, crystallinity and mechanical properties of the printed parts were studied. Moreover, the effects of the build-platform temperature were investigated. The experimental results confirmed the anisotropy of printed objects due to the occurrence of orientation phenomena during the filament deposition and the formation both of ordered and disordered crystalline forms (α and δ, respectively). A heat treatment post-3D printing was proposed as an effective method to improve mechanical properties by optimizing the crystallinity (transforming the δ form into the α one) and overcoming the anisotropy of the 3D printed object.

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Research and Implementation of Axial 3D Printing Method for PLA Pipes

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10134680 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (13) ◽

pp. 4680

Author(s):

Haiguang Zhang ◽

Wenguang Zhong ◽

Qingxi Hu ◽

Mohamed Aburaia ◽

Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Standard Material ◽

Material Extrusion ◽

G Code ◽

Realization Process ◽

Actual Stress ◽

Printing Method

Additive manufacturing has been applied in many fields, but its layer-by-layer fabrication process leads to a weak inter-layer bond strength of printed parts, so it cannot meet the higher requirements for mechanical properties of the industry. At present, many researchers are studying the printing path planning method to improve the mechanical properties of printed parts. This paper proposes a method to plan the printing path according to the actual stress of pipe parts, and introduces the realization process of an algorithm in detail, and obtains the printing control G-code. Additionally, a 5-axis material extrusion platform was built to realize the printing of polylactic acid pipes with plane and space skeleton curves, respectively, which verified the feasibility and applicability of the method and the correctness of the planning path with standard material extrusion filaments. Finally, the tensile and bending experiments prove that axial printing enhances the mechanical properties of pipe parts.

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