scholarly journals Innate immune responses in RNA viral infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Xu ◽  
Yuting Tang ◽  
Gang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Main Role

AbstractRNA viruses cause a multitude of human diseases, including several pandemic events in the past century. Upon viral invasion, the innate immune system responds rapidly and plays a key role in activating the adaptive immune system. In the innate immune system, the interactions between pathogen-associated molecular patterns and host pattern recognition receptors activate multiple signaling pathways in immune cells and induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons to elicit antiviral responses. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells are the principal innate immune components that exert antiviral activities. In this review, the current understanding of innate immunity contributing to the restriction of RNA viral infections was briefly summarized. Besides the main role of immune cells in combating viral infection, the intercellular transfer of pathogen and host-derived materials and their epigenetic and metabolic interactions associated with innate immunity was discussed. This knowledge provides an enhanced understanding of the innate immune response to RNA viral infections in general and aids in the preparation for the existing and next emerging viral infections.

scholarly journals Understanding the Role of Innate Immune Cells and Identifying Genes in Breast Cancer Microenvironment

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2226
Author(s):  
Israa Shihab ◽  
Bariaa A. Khalil ◽  
Noha Mousaad Elemam ◽  
Ibrahim Y. Hachim ◽  
Mahmood Yaseen Hachim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Cancer Microenvironment

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens and has a major role in clearing transformed cells, besides its essential role in activating the adaptive immune system. Macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, and granulocytes are part of the innate immune system that accumulate in the tumor microenvironment such as breast cancer. These cells induce inflammation in situ by secreting cytokines and chemokines that promote tumor growth and progression, in addition to orchestrating the activities of other immune cells. In breast cancer microenvironment, innate immune cells are skewed towards immunosuppression that may lead to tumor evasion. However, the mechanisms by which immune cells could interact with breast cancer cells are complex and not fully understood. Therefore, the importance of the mammary tumor microenvironment in the development, growth, and progression of cancer is widely recognized. With the advances of using bioinformatics and analyzing data from gene banks, several genes involved in NK cells of breast cancer individuals have been identified. In this review, we discuss the activities of certain genes involved in the cross-talk among NK cells and breast cancer. Consequently, altering tumor immune microenvironment can make breast tumors more responsive to immunotherapy.

Basic Immunology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Lambourne ◽  
Ruaridh Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Pathogen Entry

There are four major components of the immune system. These include: 1. mechanical barriers to pathogen entry. 2. the innate immune system. 3. the adaptive immune system. 4. the lymphoid organs. Mechanical barriers include skin and mucous membranes and tight junctions between epithelial cells prevent pathogen entry. Breaches can be iatrogenic, for example, IV lines, surgical wounds, and mucositis, and are a large source of healthcare- associated infections. The innate immune system provides the first internal line of defence, as well as initiating and shaping the adaptive immune response. The innate system comprises a range of responses: phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages (guided in part by the adaptive immune system), the complement cascade, and the release of antimicrobial peptides by epithelial cells (e.g. defensins, cathelicidin). The adaptive immune system includes both humoral (antibody- mediated) and cell-mediated responses. It is capable of greater diversity and specificity than the innate immune system, and can develop memory to pathogens and provide increased protection on re-exposure. Immune cells are divided into myeloid cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and monocytes/macrophages) and lymphoid cells (B, T, and NK cells). These all originate in the bone marrow from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells. The lymphoid organs include the spleen, the lymph nodes, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues—which respond to antigens in the blood, tissues, and epithelial surfaces respectively. The three main ‘professional’ phagocytes are macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. They are similar with respect to how they recognize pathogens, but differ in their principal location and effector functions. Phagocytes express an array of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) e.g. Toll-like receptors and lectins (proteins that bind carbohydrates). PRRs recognize Pathogen- Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)— elements which are conserved across species, such as cell-surface glycoproteins and nucleic acid sequences. Though limited in number, PRRs have evolved to recognize a huge array of pathogens. Binding of PRRs to PAMPs enhances phagocytosis. Macrophages are tissue-resident phagocytes, initiating and co-ordinating the local immune response. The cytokines and chemokines they produce cause vasodilation and alter the expression of endothelial cell adhesion factors, recruiting circulating immune cells.

scholarly journals Stress Hyperglycemia, Insulin Treatment, and Innate Immune Cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangming Xiu ◽  
Mile Stanojcic ◽  
Li Diao ◽  
Marc G. Jeschke
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Critical Illness ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Innate Immune Cells

Hyperglycemia (HG) and insulin resistance are the hallmarks of a profoundly altered metabolism in critical illness resulting from the release of cortisol, catecholamines, and cytokines, as well as glucagon and growth hormone. Recent studies have proposed a fundamental role of the immune system towards the development of insulin resistance in traumatic patients. A comprehensive review of published literatures on the effects of hyperglycemia and insulin on innate immunity in critical illness was conducted. This review explored the interaction between the innate immune system and trauma-induced hypermetabolism, while providing greater insight into unraveling the relationship between innate immune cells and hyperglycemia. Critical illness substantially disturbs glucose metabolism resulting in a state of hyperglycemia. Alterations in glucose and insulin regulation affect the immune function of cellular components comprising the innate immunity system. Innate immune system dysfunction via hyperglycemia is associated with a higher morbidity and mortality in critical illness. Along with others, we hypothesize that reduction in morbidity and mortality observed in patients receiving insulin treatment is partially due to its effect on the attenuation of the immune response. However, there still remains substantial controversy regarding moderate versus intensive insulin treatment. Future studies need to determine the integrated effects of HG and insulin on the regulation of innate immunity in order to provide more effective insulin treatment regimen for these patients.

scholarly journals LA RESPUESTA INMUNITARIA FRENTE AL VIRUS SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 64-86
Author(s):  
SERGIO ROBERTO AGUILAR-RUIZ ◽  
FRANCISCO JAVIER SÁNCHEZ-PEÑA
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Systemic Pathology

The immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is similar to that against other viruses, where the innate immune system acts at early stages through the secretion of type 1 interferon (type 1 IFN), which prevents viral replication and the activation of natural killer (NK) cells. Later, the adaptive immune system acts through CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and antibody production, which aim to destroy infected cells and block viral entry into cells. All the above leads to the elimination of the virus and mild symptomatology. However, in individuals with a weakened immune system, the viral infection spreads and leads to a potent inflammatory response, which leads to the recruitment of immune cells to the lungs, where they can cause severe pulmonary and even systemic pathology.

scholarly journals Cytokine storm interference

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-187
Author(s):  
Michael John Dochniak
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Healthy Individuals

Viral infections are a natural and inevitable part of life. In healthy individuals, mortality increases when the body’s innate immune system quickly activates, creating a cytokine storm. A rapid and excessive release of cytokines into the bloodstream can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. This communication proposes inhibiting cytokine storm development through forced atopy. Hyper-allergenic skin cream therapy stimulates adaptive immunity to support innate immunity before acute infection.

Innate vs acquired immunity

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard E. Voll ◽  
Barbara M. Bröker
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

The innate and the adaptive immune system efficiently cooperate to protect us from infections. The ancient innate immune system, dating back to the first multicellular organisms, utilizes phagocytic cells, soluble antimicrobial peptides, and the complement system for an immediate line of defence against pathogens. Using a limited number of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors including the Toll-like, RIG-1-like, and NOD-like receptors, the innate immune system recognizes so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are specific for groups of related microorganisms and represent highly conserved, mostly non-protein molecules essential for the pathogens' life cycles. Hence, escape mutants strongly reduce the pathogen's fitness. An important task of the innate immune system is to distinguish between harmless antigens and potentially dangerous pathogens. Ideally, innate immune cells should activate the adaptive immune cells only in the case of invading pathogens. The evolutionarily rather new adaptive immune system, which can be found in jawed fish and higher vertebrates, needs several days to mount an efficient response upon its first encounter with a certain pathogen. As soon as antigen-specific lymphocyte clones have been expanded, they powerfully fight the pathogen. Importantly, memory lymphocytes can often protect us from reinfections. During the development of T and B lymphocytes, many millions of different receptors are generated by somatic recombination and hypermutation of gene segments making up the antigen receptors. This process carries the inherent risk of autoimmunity, causing most inflammatory rheumatic diseases. In contrast, inadequate activation of the innate immune system, especially activation of the inflammasomes, may cause autoinflammatory syndromes.

Innate vs acquired immunity

2013 ◽  
pp. 356-364
Author(s):  
Reinhard E. Voll ◽  
Barbara M. Bröker
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Antigen Receptors ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

The innate and the adaptive immune system efficiently cooperate to protect us from infections. The ancient innate immune system, dating back to the first multicellular organisms, utilizes phagocytic cells, soluble antimicrobial peptides, and the complement system for an immediate line of defence against pathogens. Using a limited number of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors including the Toll-like, RIG-1-like, and NOD-like receptors, the innate immune system recognizes so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are specific for groups of related microorganisms and represent highly conserved, mostly non-protein molecules essential for the pathogens’ life cycles. Hence, escape mutants strongly reduce the pathogen’s fitness. An important task of the innate immune system is to distinguish between harmless antigens and potentially dangerous pathogens. Ideally, innate immune cells should activate the adaptive immune cells only in the case of invading pathogens. The evolutionarily rather new adaptive immune system, which can be found in jawed fish and higher vertebrates, needs several days to mount an efficient response upon its first encounter with a certain pathogen. As soon as antigen-specific lymphocyte clones have been expanded, they powerfully fight the pathogen. Importantly, memory lymphocytes can often protect us from reinfections. During the development of T and B lymphocytes, many millions of different receptors are generated by somatic recombination and hypermutation of gene segments making up the antigen receptors. This process carries the inherent risk of autoimmunity, causing most inflammatory rheumatic diseases. In contrast, inadequate activation of the innate immune system, especially activation of the inflammasomes, may cause autoinflammatory syndromes.

scholarly journals Adipocytes, Innate Immunity and Obesity: A Mini-Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alecia M. Blaszczak ◽  
Anahita Jalilvand ◽  
Willa A. Hsueh
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The role of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation in obesity and its multiple related-complications is a rapidly expanding area of scientific interest. Within the last 30 years, the role of the adipocyte as an endocrine and immunologic cell has been progressively established. Like the macrophage, the adipocyte is capable of linking the innate and adaptive immune system through the secretion of adipokines and cytokines; exosome release of lipids, hormones, and microRNAs; and contact interaction with other immune cells. Key innate immune cells in AT include adipocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2s). The role of the innate immune system in promoting adipose tissue inflammation in obesity will be highlighted in this review. T cells and B cells also play important roles in contributing to AT inflammation and are discussed in this series in the chapter on adaptive immunity.

scholarly journals The neuropeptide receptor NMUR-1 regulates the specificity of C. elegans innate immunity against pathogen infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Wibisono ◽  
Shawndra Wibisono ◽  
Jan Watteyne ◽  
Chia-Hui Chen ◽  
Durai Sellegounder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Functional Assays

A key question in current immunology is how the innate immune system generates high levels of specificity. Like most invertebrates, Caenorhabditis elegans does not have an adaptive immune system and relies solely on innate immunity to defend itself against pathogen attacks, yet it can still differentiate different pathogens and launch distinct innate immune responses. Here, we have found that functional loss of NMUR-1, a neuronal GPCR homologous to mammalian receptors for the neuropeptide neuromedin U, has diverse effects on C. elegans survival against various bacterial pathogens. Transcriptomic analyses and functional assays revealed that NMUR-1 modulates C. elegans transcription activity by regulating the expression of transcription factors, which, in turn, controls the expression of distinct immune genes in response to different pathogens. Our study has uncovered a molecular basis for the specificity of C. elegans innate immunity that could provide mechanistic insights into understanding the specificity of vertebrate innate immunity.

scholarly journals Innate immunity and the pneumococcus

Microbiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin K. Paterson ◽  
Tim J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
First Line ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Made In

The innate immune system provides a non-specific first line of defence against microbes and is crucial both in the development and effector stages of subsequent adaptive immune responses. Consistent with its importance, study of the innate immune system is a broad and fast-moving field. Here we provide an overview of the recent key advances made in this area with relation to the important pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document