Biodiesel production from waste cooking palm oil using calcium oxide supported on activated carbon as catalyst in a fixed bed reactor

: The continuous production of ethyl ester was studied by using a steady-state fixed bed reactor (FBR). Transesterification of palm stearin (PS) and waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) with ethanol in the presence of calcium oxide impregnated palm shell activated carbon (CaO/PSAC) solid catalyst was investigated. This work was determined the optimum conditions for the production of ethyl ester from PS and WCPO in order to obtain fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) with the highest yield. The effects of reaction variables such as residence time, ethanol/oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, catalyst bed height and reusability of catalyst in a reactor system on the yield of biodiesel were considered. The optimum conditions were the residence time 2-3 h, ethanol/oil molar ratio 16-20, reaction temperature at 800C, and catalyst bed height 300 mm which yielded 89.46% and 83.32% of the PS and WCPO conversion, respectively. CaO/PSAC could be used repeatedly for 4 times without any activation treatment and no obvious activity loss was observed. It has potential for industrial application in the transesterification of triglyceride (TG). The fuel properties of biodiesel were determined. Keywords: biodiesel, calcium oxide, ethyl ester, fixed bed reactor, palm shell activated carbon

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Optimization of Methyl Ester Production from Waste Palm Oil Using Activated Carbon Supported Calcium Oxide Catalyst

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.280.346 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 280 ◽

pp. 346-352

Author(s):

Zuraida Wan ◽

Bassim H. Hameed ◽

N. Mohammad Nor ◽

Nur Alwani Ali Bashah

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Calcium Oxide ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Solid Base ◽

Catalyst Amount ◽

Optimum Reaction ◽

Waste Cooking Palm Oil

In this study, methyl ester (ME) was produced by transesterification of waste cooking palm oil (WPO) using activated carbon supported calcium oxide as a solid base catalyst (CaO/AC). Process optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to study the effect of reaction time, molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature and catalyst amount to produce highest ME content. The optimum reaction condition was at 5.5 wt% catalyst amount, 170 °C temperature, 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 2 h 22 min reaction time. The predicted and experimental ME content were found to be 80.02% and 77.32%, respectively.

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Catalytic Conversion of Palm Oil to Bio-Hydrogenated Diesel over Novel N-Doped Activated Carbon Supported Pt Nanoparticles

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13010132 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 132 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Wei Jin ◽

Laura Pastor-Pérez ◽

Juan J. Villora-Pico ◽

Mercedes M. Pastor-Blas ◽

Antonio Sepúlveda-Escribano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Pt Nanoparticles ◽

Added Value ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Transportation Fuel ◽

Electronic Density ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Conversion Rates

Bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD), derived from vegetable oil via hydrotreating technology, is a promising alternative transportation fuel to replace nonsustainable petroleum diesel. In this work, a novel Pt-based catalyst supported on N-doped activated carbon prepared from polypyrrole as the nitrogen source (Pt/N-AC) was developed and applied in the palm oil deoxygenation process to produce BHD in a fixed bed reactor system. High conversion rates of triglycerides (conversion of TG > 90%) and high deoxygenation percentage (DeCOx% = 76% and HDO% = 7%) were obtained for the palm oil deoxygenation over Pt/N-AC catalyst at optimised reaction conditions: T = 300 °C, 30 bar of H2, and LHSV = 1.5 h−1. In addition to the excellent performance, the Pt/N-AC catalyst is highly stable in the deoxygenation reaction, as confirmed by the XRD and TEM analyses of the spent sample. The incorporation of N atoms in the carbon structure alters the electronic density of the catalyst, favouring the interaction with electrophilic groups such as carbonyls, and thus boosting the DeCOx route over the HDO pathway. Overall, this work showcases a promising route to produce added value bio-fuels from bio-compounds using advanced N-doped catalysts.

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CaO from chicken eggshell supported on activated carbon and KOH (CaO/C/KOH) as catalyst for biodiesel production from off grade palm oil

IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1088/1757-899x/1087/1/012053 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1087 (1) ◽

pp. 012053

Author(s):

Z Helwani ◽

I Zahrina ◽

S Z Amraini ◽

R I Sianturi ◽

G M Idroes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Chicken Eggshell

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Preparation of activated carbon from Canadian coals using a fixed-bed reactor and a spouted bed-kiln system

Fuel ◽

10.1016/0016-2361(95)00228-6 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 227-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ajay K. Dalai ◽

Jasimuz Zaman ◽

E.Stanley Hall ◽

Eric L. Tollefson

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Spouted Bed

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CO2 Capture Using Calcium Oxide Applicable to In-Situ Separation of CO2 From H2 Production Processes

Volume 6A: Energy ◽

10.1115/imece2013-62619 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Saeed Danaei Kenarsari ◽

Yuan Zheng

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Co2 Capture ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

H2 Production ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Capture Process ◽

Conversion Rates ◽

In Situ Separation ◽

Separation Of Co2

A lab-scale CO2 capture system is designed, fabricated, and tested for performing CO2 capture via carbonation of very fine calcium oxide (CaO) with particle size in micrometers. This system includes a fixed-bed reactor made of stainless steel (12.7 mm in diameter and 76.2 mm long) packed with calcium oxide particles dispersed in sand particles; heated and maintained at a certain temperature (500–550°C) during each experiment. The pressure along the reactor can be kept constant using a back pressure regulator. The conditions of the tests are relevant to separation of CO2 from combustion/gasification flue gases and in-situ CO2 capture process. The inlet flow, 1% CO2 and 99% N2, goes through the reactor at the flow rate of 150 mL/min (at standard conditions). The CO2 percentage of the outlet gas is monitored and recorded by a portable CO2 analyzer. Using the outlet composition, the conversion of calcium oxide is figured and employed to develop the kinetics model. The results indicate that the rates of carbonation reactions considerably increase with raising the temperature from 500°C to 550°C. The conversion rates of CaO-carbonation are well fitted to a shrinking core model which combines chemical reaction controlled and diffusion controlled models.

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Simulation, Case Studies and Optimization of a Biodiesel Process with a Solid Acid Catalyst

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering ◽

10.2202/1542-6580.1480 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Alex H West ◽

Dusko Posarac ◽

Naoko Ellis

Keyword(s):

Case Studies ◽

Solid Acid ◽

Solid Acid Catalyst ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Rate Of Return ◽

Manufacturing Cost ◽

Tax Rate

A commercial process simulator was used to develop a detailed simulation of a biodiesel production process, and carry out case studies and optimization. The simulated process produced biodiesel from a feedstock containing 5 wt.% free fatty acids in a fixed-bed reactor with sulfated-zirconia as an acidic catalyst. Sized unit operation blocks, material and energy flows were used to conduct an economic assessment of the process. Total capital investment, total manufacturing cost, after tax rate-of-return and production cost ($/kg) were all determined for the process. The process was then optimized by maximizing the after tax rate-of-return (ATROR). Based on our previous work, the most economical process for transesterification of waste vegetable oil at the scale of 8000 metric tones/yr of biodiesel production among the four processes examined was based on a solid acid catalyst reaction. Our results showed that the process is economically feasible, even without government subsidy, while at the same time, the produced biodiesel met the required ASTM standard for purity.

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Effect of Temperature on Plasma-Assisted Catalytic Cracking of Palm Oil into Biofuels

International Journal of Renewable Energy Development ◽

10.14710/ijred.9.1.107-112 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 107-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I. Istadi ◽

Teguh Riyanto ◽

Luqman Buchori ◽

Didi Dwi Anggoro ◽

Roni Ade Saputra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Catalytic Cracking ◽

Plasma Reactor ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Liquid Product ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Catalytic Reactor ◽

Catalytic Role ◽

Reactor Temperature

Plasma-assisted catalytic cracking is an attractive method for producing biofuels from vegetable oil. This paper studied the effect of reactor temperature on the performance of plasma-assisted catalytic cracking of palm oil into biofuels. The cracking process was conducted in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD)-type plasma reactor with the presence of spent RFCC catalyst. The reactor temperature was varied at 400, 450, and 500 ºC. The liquid fuel product was analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the compositions. Result showed that the presenceof plasma and catalytic role can enhance the reactor performance so that the selectivity of the short-chain hydrocarbon produced increases. The selectivity of gasoline, kerosene, and diesel range fuels over the plasma-catalytic reactor were 16.43%, 52.74% and 21.25%, respectively, while the selectivity of gasoline, kerosene and diesel range fuels over a conventional fixed bed reactor was 12.07%, 39.07%, and 45.11%, respectively. The increasing reactor temperature led to enhanced catalytic role of cracking reaction,particularly directing the reaction to the shorter hydrocarbon range. The reactor temperature dependence on the liquid product components distribution over the plasma-catalytic reactor was also studied. The aromatic and oxygenated compounds increased with the reactor temperature.©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

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MgO Dispersed on Activated Carbon as Water Tolerant Catalyst for the Conversion of Ethanol into Butanol

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9071371 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1371 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stefano Cimino ◽

Jessica Apuzzo ◽

Luciana Lisi

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Area ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

High Water ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

High Dispersion ◽

Water Tolerance ◽

Butanol Yield

MgO supported on activated carbon (AC) with a load ranging from 10% to 30% has been investigated as catalyst for the conversion of ethanol into butanol at 400 °C in a fixed bed reactor at different GHSV. Catalysts have been characterized by XRD, SEM/EDX, and N2 physisorption at 77 K. The high dispersion of MgO into the pores of the support provides strongly enhanced performance with respect to bulk MgO. MgO/AC catalysts have been also tested under wet feed conditions showing high water tolerance and significantly larger butanol yield with respect to an alumina supported Ru/MgO catalyst. After wet operation, the increased surface area of the catalyst leads to better performance once dry feed conditions are restored.

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