scholarly journals Change in Estradiol and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone across the Early Menopausal Transition: Effects of Ethnicity and Age

2004 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1555-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Randolph ◽  
MaryFran Sowers ◽  
Irina V. Bondarenko ◽  
Siobán D. Harlow ◽  
Judith L. Luborsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Midlife Women ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Caucasian Women ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Serum reproductive hormone concentrations were measured longitudinally in a community-based, multiethnic population of midlife women to assess whether ethnic differences exist in the patterns of change in estradiol (E2) and FSH and, if so, whether these differences are explained by host characteristics. We studied 3257 participants from seven clinical sites in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) who were aged 42–52 yr at baseline and self-identified as African American (28.2%), Caucasian (47.1%), Chinese (7.7%), Hispanic (8.4%), or Japanese (8.6%). E2 and FSH were assayed in serum collected primarily in the early follicular phase of a spontaneous menstrual cycle in three consecutive annual visits. The primary explanatory variables included in repeated-measures regression analyses were race/ethnicity, menopausal status, age, body mass index (BMI), day of the cycle, smoking, parity, socioeconomic status, study site, and the self-report of diabetes at baseline. At the baseline visit, 46.2% of the women were classified as being early perimenopausal, with the remaining being premenopausal. By the second follow-up visit, 5.5% of the women in that cohort were postmenopausal, 66.8% were early perimenopausal, 8.3% were late perimenopausal, and 19.4% remained premenopausal. Serum E2 concentrations decreased significantly with age, with a steeper decline at higher ages. FSH concentrations increased significantly with age, with a steeper increase at higher ages. Similar patterns in the decline of E2 and the increase in FSH with age were found across ethnic groups, but the levels of these hormones differed by race/ethnicity. Specifically, over time, Chinese and Japanese women had lower E2 concentrations but similar FSH levels, compared with Caucasian women, and African American women had higher FSH concentrations but comparable E2 levels with those of Caucasian women. These ethnic differences in E2 and FSH were independent of menopausal status. The effect of BMI on serum E2 and FSH levels varied by menopausal status. Increasing BMI was associated with decreasing concentrations of E2 among premenopausal and early perimenopausal women but was associated with increasing concentrations of E2 among late perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Increasing BMI was associated with decreasing concentrations of FSH, with the effect of BMI becoming larger as women transitioned through menopause. We conclude that serum E2 levels decrease and FSH concentrations increase with increasing age in midlife women, that ethnic differences in E2 over time differ from ethnic differences in FSH and suggest ethnic differences in the pituitary-ovarian relationship, and that the effect of BMI on E2 and FSH concentrations varies by menopausal status.

Ethnic differences in in vitro glyceride synthesis in subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (5) ◽  
pp. E988-E993 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bower ◽  
S. Vadlamudi ◽  
H. A. Barakat
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
American Woman ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
American Women ◽  
Omental Adipose Tissue ◽  
Caucasian Women

Considerable evidence suggests that there are ethnic differences in lipid metabolism between African American and Caucasian women, which may result in increased synthesis of fat in adipose tissue. The purpose of this study was to measure the in vitro rates of [14C]glucose incorporation into the glyceride-glycerol backbone of triglycerides (TG) and diglycerides (DG) in abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and omental adipose tissue (OAT). Morbidly obese [African American ( n = 15): body mass index (BMI) = 45 ± 2.3; Caucasian ( n = 18): BMI = 51 ± 2.3] and preobese [African American ( n = 7): BMI = 27 ± 1.0; Caucasian ( n = 7): BMI = 25 ± 1.0] women were examined in this study. There were no significant differences in the rates of synthesis of either TG or DG in SAT of either preobese or obese women. On the other hand, both preobese and obese African American women had higher rates of synthesis of TG in OAT compared with their Caucasian counterparts. This increase in TG synthesis in OAT was not due to differences in cell size or rates of reesterification. Thus African American woman have an increased capacity to synthesize TG in OAT compared with Caucasian women, which may contribute to the higher prevalence of obesity in African American women.

scholarly journals The Association between Self-Reported Energy Intake and Intra-Abdominal Adipose Tissue in Perimenopausal Women

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasa Kazlauskaite ◽  
Kelly Karavolos ◽  
Imke Janssen ◽  
Kimberly Carlson ◽  
Karla J. Shipp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Abdominal Adipose Tissue ◽  
Naturalistic Environment ◽  
Caucasian Women

We have previously shown that physical activity predicts intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAT), but it is unknown whether energy intake predicts IAT independently of physical activity in a community-based, naturalistic environment. The association of energy intake with IAT was explored cross-sectionally in women, recruited between 2002 and 2005 for a study of fat patterning in midlife. IAT at L4-L5vertebral interspace was assessed by computed tomography, energy intake by the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire, and physical activity by the Kaiser Physical Activity Survey. Linear regression models were used for the principal analyses. Among the 257 women, 48% were African American and 52% were Caucasian. Women were52±3years old, and 49% were postmenopausal. Every 500 kcal increase in energy intake was associated with a 6% higher IAT (P=0.02), independent of physical activity (P=0.02), after adjustment for ethnicity, menopausal status, age, smoking, income, and DXA-assessed percent body fat. Energy intake had a significant interaction with ethnicity (P=0.02), but not with physical activity. Models using the IAT to subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue ratio as an outcome had similar associations. In conclusion, self-reported EI was associated with preferential IAT accumulation in midlife women, independent of physical activity. This association was significantly stronger in Caucasian than African American women. Future longitudinal studies are needed to explore lifestyle predictors of IAT accumulation during the menopausal transition.

scholarly journals Ethnic Identity and Implicit Anti-fat Bias: Similarities and Differences between African American and Caucasian Women

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica A. Hart ◽  
Tracy Sbrocco ◽  
Michele M. Carter
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Weight Stigma ◽  
Self Report ◽  
American Women ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Caucasian Women

<p>Research using self-report or explicit measures of body image suggests African American women have a more accepting view of larger figures than non-Hispanic White (NHW) women.  However, increasing research indicates that explicit views may vary from those held at a deeper, implicit level.</p><p>Our study examined whether African American women held an implicit negative bias toward overweight/fat individuals, despite a greater explicit acceptance of larger body size. Additionally, ethnic identity was measured to assess if strength of identity relates to bias. Anti-fat bias was compared within and between ethnic groups using an Implicit Association Test (IAT), which measures the strength of automatic associations between two concepts.  This online IAT measured spontaneous thoughts about figures of various body weights (underweight, overweight, obese) and positive and negative terms (eg, attractive and unattractive or healthy and unhealthy). </p><p>A pervasive anti-fat bias was found in African American as well as NHW women. For both groups this bias was related to ethnic identity when thinking about figure size and health. Specifically, African American women with lower ethnic identity were more negatively biased and NHW women with higher ethnic identity were more negatively biased. </p><p>Findings from this study indicate that implicitly there are few differences in the way these two ethnicities classify heavy figures, and therefore African Americans may not be immune to weight stigma.  Given the prevalence of obesity and the lack of research on weight stigma among African American women, there is need to address this issue and its impact on well-being. <em>Ethn Dis.</em> 2016;26(1):69-76; doi:10.18865/ed.26.1.69</p>

scholarly journals African American Unemployment and the Disparity in Periviable Births

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Catalano ◽  
Deborah Karasek ◽  
Tim Bruckner ◽  
Joan A. Casey ◽  
Katherine Saxton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Racial Disparity ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Hispanic White

AbstractPeriviable infants (i.e., born before 26 complete weeks of gestation) represent fewer than .5% of births in the US but account for 40% of infant mortality and 20% of billed hospital obstetric costs. African American women contribute about 14% of live births in the US, but these include nearly a third of the country’s periviable births. Consistent with theory and with periviable births among other race/ethnicity groups, males predominate among African American periviable births in stressed populations. We test the hypothesis that the disparity in periviable male births among African American and non-Hispanic white populations responds to the African American unemployment rate because that indicator not only traces, but also contributes to, the prevalence of stress in the population. We use time-series methods that control for autocorrelation including secular trends, seasonality, and the tendency to remain elevated or depressed after high or low values. The racial disparity in male periviable birth increases by 4.45% for each percentage point increase in the unemployment rate of African Americans above its expected value. We infer that unemployment—a population stressor over which our institutions exercise considerable control—affects the disparity between African American and non-Hispanic white periviable births in the US.

scholarly journals Mood and Global Symptom Changes among Psychotherapy Clients with Depressive Personality

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Rachel E. Maddux ◽  
Lars-Gunnar Lundh
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Depressive Personality ◽  
Symptom Changes ◽  
Psychotherapy Clients ◽  
Over Time

The present study assessed the rate of depressive personality (DP), as measured by the self-report instrument depressive personality disorder inventory (DPDI), among 159 clients entering psychotherapy at an outpatient university clinic. The presenting clinical profile was evaluated for those with and without DP, including levels of depressed mood, other psychological symptoms, and global severity of psychopathology. Clients were followed naturalistically over the course of therapy, up to 40 weeks, and reassessed on these variables again after treatment. Results indicated that 44 percent of the sample qualified for DP prior to treatment, and these individuals had a comparatively more severe and complex presenting disposition than those without DP. Mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine between-groups changes on mood and global severity over time, with those with DP demonstrating larger reductions on both outcome variables, although still showing more symptoms after treatment, than those without DP. Only eleven percent of the sample continued to endorse DP following treatment. These findings suggest that in routine clinical situations, psychotherapy may benefit individuals with DP.

Abstract P228: Do Cardiometabolic Risk Profiles Differ Across Race-Ethnicity? An Analysis of the Most Active U.S. Adults in the 2003-2006 NHANES

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Boyer ◽  
Michael R Richardson ◽  
James R Churilla ◽  
Lindsay Toth ◽  
Eugene Fitzhugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Introduction: Previous studies have revealed a significant, inverse dose-response relationship between total activity counts/day (TAC/d) and several cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF). An ongoing line of research is the examination of the contributions of behavioral, environmental, and physiological factors to CMRF differences across race-ethnicity. However, it is unknown if these differences exist among the most physically active adults. Hypothesis: Among the most active U.S. adults, we hypothesize that CMRF measures will differ across race-ethnic groups. Methods: Study sample (n=1,059) included adult (20-79 years of age) participants from the 2003-2006 NHANES who wore an ActiGraph model 7164 accelerometer on the right hip. The top quartile of accelerometer-derived age- and gender-specific TAC/d was used as a cutpoint to define the “most active”. All participants were without T2D (fasting glucose <126 mg/dL, no medication, no self-reported diagnosis) and without CVD (self-report). CMRF included HOMA-IR, fasting insulin and glucose, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), HDL, LDL, triglycerides, BMI, waist circumference (WC) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Multiple linear regression was used to examine CMRF differences between non-Hispanic white (NHW), non-Hispanic black (NHB) and Mexican American (MA) participants. Regression models were adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking, wear time, BMI (except BMI and WC models), objectively-measure MVPA (≥760 counts/min) and race-ethnicity. Results: No significant differences were found in mean TAC/d across race-ethnicity. When compared to NHW, NHB had significantly higher HOMA-IR, fasting insulin, SBP, WC, and BMI. Compared to NHW, MA had significantly higher HOMA-IR, fasting insulin, triglycerides, WC and BMI. When comparing NHB to MA, MA had significantly higher triglycerides and HDL and significantly lower SBP. Conclusions: It has been proposed that the race-ethnic differences in PA participation could be contributing to disparities in elevated CMRF, but even among U.S. adults in the 75th percentile for total activity volume (i.e. TAC/d), race-ethnic differences in CMRF still exist. It is probable that other social, environmental, and genetic factors are responsible for moderating the beneficial effects PA has on CMRF specifically among NHB and MA adults.

scholarly journals Determinants of Mammographic Breast Density by Race Among a Large Screening Population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Xavier Moore ◽  
Yunan Han ◽  
Catherine Appleton ◽  
Graham Colditz ◽  
Adetunji T Toriola
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
White Women ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Dense Breast ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
American Women ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract BACKGROUND Due to mixed reports from smaller studies, we examined associations of race with mammographic breast density and evaluated racial differences in the determinants of breast density. METHODS Participants included 37,839 women (23,166 non-Hispanic White, and 14,673 African American women) receiving screening mammograms at the Joanne Knight Breast Health Center at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri from June 2010 to December 2015. Mammographic breast density was assessed using Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (5th edition). To determine the association of race and participant characteristics with mammographic breast density, we used multivariable polytomous logistic regression models (reference group: almost entirely fatty). RESULTS African American women had increased odds of extremely dense (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.13–1.52) and reduced odds of heterogeneously dense breasts (AOR= 0.91, 95% CI = 0.84 – 0.99) compared to non-Hispanic White women. Altogether, race, parity and age at first birth, age, current body mass index (BMI), BMI at age 18, menarche, family history of breast cancer, oral contraceptive use, alcohol, and menopausal status explained 33% of the variation in mammographic breast density. Among African American and non-Hispanic White women these factors explained nearly 28.6% and 33.6% of the variation in mammographic density, respectively. Current BMI provided the greatest explanation of breast density (26.2% overall, 22.2% in African American, and 26.2% in non-Hispanic White women). CONCLUSIONS The determinants of mammographic breast density were generally similar between African-American women and non-Hispanic white women. After adjustments for confounders, African Americans had higher likelihood of extremely dense breast but lower likelihood of heterogeneously dense breast. The greatest explanation of breast density was provided by BMI, regardless of race.

Annotated bibliography on women business owners: A diversity lens

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonita L. Betters-Reed ◽  
Lynda L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
White Female ◽  
Institutional Barriers ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Women Business Owners ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Race Ethnicity

When we take the lens of race, ethnicity, gender, and class to the collected academic work on women business owners, what does it reveal? What do we really know? Are there differing definitions of success across segments of the women businessowner demographics? Do the challenges faced by African American women entrepreneurs differ from those confronting white female entrepreneurs? Do immigrant female women businessowners face more significant institutional barriers than their counterparts who have been U.S. citizens for at least two generations? Are there similar reasons for starting their businesses?

Menopausal Status, Moderate-Intensity Walking, and Symptoms in Midlife Women

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
JoEllen Wilbur ◽  
Arlene Michaels Miller ◽  
Judith McDevitt ◽  
Edward Wang ◽  
Josephine Miller
Keyword(s):  
African American Women ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Leisure Activity ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Midlife Women ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Walking Intervention ◽  
Home Based ◽  
And Control

The purpose of this randomized clinical trial study was to determine the effectiveness of a 24-week, home-based, moderate-intensity, walking intervention in improving symptoms (vasomotor, uro-genital/sexual, sleep, psychological, cognitive, physical) experienced by midlife women. One hundred and seventy-three Caucasian and African American women aged 45 to 65 who were not on hormone therapy, had no major signs or symptoms of cardiovascular disease, and were sedentary in their leisure activity were randomly assigned to the moderate-intensity walking group or the nonexercise control group. The exercise prescription was walking at a frequency of 4 times a week for a duration of 20 to 30 minutes. The symptom impact inventory included the frequency, intensity, and bothersomeness of 33 symptoms collected at baseline and 24 weeks. Adherence was measured with a heart rate monitor and exercise log. Average adherence to frequency of walking was 71.6% of the expected walks. After 24 weeks, there were no differences between the walking and control group on change in symptoms. However, multiple regression revealed that frequency of adherence to walking along with change in physical symptoms and menopausal status were significant predictors of change in sleep symptoms. While walking did not improve most symptoms experienced by midlife women, frequency of walking may improve sleep.

Adherence rates to endocrine therapy among African American women with stage I-III, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer treated at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e11582-e11582
Author(s):  
Megan Jean McKee ◽  
Danny Nguyen ◽  
Seham Al Haddad ◽  
Elsa Paplomata ◽  
Marjorie Adams Curry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Endocrine Therapy ◽  
Metastatic Disease ◽  
Breast Cancer Mortality ◽  
Benign Disease ◽  
Memorial Hospital ◽  
Adherence Rate ◽  
Caucasian Women

e11582 Background: Breast cancer mortality has historically been higher in African American (AA) women compared to Caucasian women. Controlling for tumor characteristics, biological markers and comorbidities does not account for the disparity. Previous studies have shown that AA women are more likely to have a high 21-gene recurrence score compared to Caucasian women. Another potential variable affecting treatment outcomes is adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET). We conducted a retrospective review of pharmacy records at Grady Memorial Hospital (GMH) to examine the non-adherence rate among predominantly AA patients (pts). Methods: Pharmacy database records were examined for pts filling prescriptions for tamoxifen, anastrozole, or letrozole at GMH in Atlanta, Georgia from 2004-2009. Baseline characteristics were obtained by chart review. Pts were excluded if they had metastatic disease, DCIS, less than 60 days of eligible prescription, were male, deceased during the study period, benign disease, or no documentation of breast cancer in the electronic medical record (EMR). Non-adherence was defined as those filling less than 80% of eligible days covered by her prescription. Results: 679 pts were identified who filled prescriptions for tamoxifen, anastrozole, or letrozole at Grady pharmacy from 2004-2009. Pts who were excluded had metastatic disease (152), DCIS (101), had less than 60 days of eligible prescription (65), had no documentation of breast cancer in the EMR (25), were male (6), deceased before 2009 (5), or had benign disease (9). Of the 316 pts eligible for the study, median age was 60 (26 to 94) at time of diagnosis, 86% were AA, and 39% were node positive. 167 pts filled prescriptions for tamoxifen, 95 for anastrozole, and 54 for letrozole. The non-adherence rate for tamoxifen was 50%, anastrozole 38%, and letrozole 48%. Overall non-adherence rate was 46%. Conclusions: The overall non-adherence rate to adjuvant ET among a predominately AA population seen in a county hospital was similar to previously reported rates. Non-adherence to ET in this underserved AA pt population does not fully account for disparate outcomes.

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