Enhancing septoria leaf blotch forecasts in winter wheat II: model architecture and validation results

AbstractIn precision agriculture, pesticides and other inputs shall be used precisely when (and where) they are needed. European Directive 2009/128/EC calls for respecting the principles of integrated pest management (IPM) in the member states. To clarify the question, when, for instance, fungicide use is needed, the well-established economic principle of IPM may be used. This principle says that pests shall be controlled when the costs of control correspond with the damage the pests will cause. Disease levels corresponding with the costs of control are referred to as control thresholds in IPM. Several models have been developed in plant pathology to predict when epidemics will occur, but hardly any of these models predicts a control threshold directly limiting their usefulness for answering the question when pest control is needed according to the principles of IPM. Previously, we quantified the temporal distance between critical rainfall periods and the breaking of the control threshold of Zymoseptoria tritici on winter wheat as being affected by temperature, based on data from 52 field experiments carried out in Luxembourg from 2005 to 2016. This knowledge was used to construct the ShIFT (SeptorIa ForecasT, https://shift.list.lu/) model, which has been validated using external data recorded between 2017 and 2019. Within the efficacy period of a systemic fungicide, the model allowed correct predictions in 84.6% of the cases, while 15.4% of the cases were predicted falsely. The average deviation between the observed and predicted dates of epidemic outbreaks was 0.62 ± 2.4 days with a maximum deviation of 19 days. The observed and predicted dates were closely correlated (r = 0.92, P < 0.0001). Apart from outliers, the forecast model tested here was reliable within the period of efficacy of current commercial fungicides.

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Influence of a chemical preparation of triazole50% cs on sowing the winter wheat against rust

International Journal on Integrated Education ◽

10.31149/ijie.v3i9.626 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (9) ◽

pp. 231-233

Author(s):

AliyevSh.K. ◽

TuychiyevI.U ◽

Karimov N ◽

Umaraliev.M.I

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Yellow Rust ◽

Biological Efficiency ◽

Chemical Preparation ◽

Seed Growth ◽

Biological Farming ◽

The Given ◽

Farming Efficiency

The article is focused on the data of the carried works on studying biological efficiency of fungi Triazole 50% on sowing the winter wheat against yellow rust as well as on the height, development and fertility of the wheat. On May 5, 2019 from 9 to 10 o’clock under the temperature 21-23 field experiments of Triazol 50% CS manufactured by the firm “Agroximstar” (Uzbekistan) were carried out on winter wheat as a protector of seeds of winter wheat of Pervitsa sort against the disease of yellow rustin the irrigated conditions in an experimental field of the Institute “Istiklal” of Andijan district of Andijan region. The aim of the given research is to study biological-farming efficiency and determination of optimal norms of preparation expenses and to study the influence of fungicide on the height and development as well as on the fertility of the wheat. The received data showed that the preparation Triazole 50% CS effected on the pathogen of yellow rust favorably and besides that it didn’t effect on seed growth and energy of growth negatively.

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Effects of disk tillage on soil condition, crop yield and weed infestation

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/4201-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 48 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 20-26

Author(s):

M. Birkás ◽

T. Szalai ◽

C. Gyuricza ◽

M. Gecse ◽

K. Bordás

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Soil Condition ◽

Perennial Weeds ◽

Weed Infestation ◽

Set Up ◽

Different Levels

This research was instigated by the fact that during the last decade annually repeated shallow disk tillage on the same field became frequent practice in Hungary. In order to study the changes of soil condition associated with disk tillage and to assess it is consequences, long-term tillage field experiments with different levels of nutrients were set up in 1991 (A) and in 1994 (B) on Chromic Luvisol at Gödöllö. The effects of disk tillage (D) and disk tillage combined with loosening (LD) on soil condition, on yield of maize and winter wheat, and on weed infestation were examined. The evaluation of soil condition measured by cone index and bulk density indicated that use of disking annually resulted in a dense soil layer below the disking depth (diskpan-compaction). It was found, that soil condition deteriorated by diskpan-compaction decreased the yield of maize significantly by 20 and 42% (w/w), and that of wheat by 13 and 15% (w/w) when compared to soils with no diskpan-compaction. Averaged over seven years, and three fertilizer levels, the cover % of the total, grass and perennial weeds on loosened soils were 73, 69 and 65% of soils contained diskpan-compaction.

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Estimating the Leaf Nitrogen Content with a New Feature Extracted from the Ultra-High Spectral and Spatial Resolution Images in Wheat

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13040739 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 739

Author(s):

Jiale Jiang ◽

Jie Zhu ◽

Xue Wang ◽

Tao Cheng ◽

Yongchao Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Content ◽

Precision Agriculture ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Mean Squared Error ◽

Growing Season ◽

Leaf Nitrogen ◽

Textural Analysis ◽

Hyperspectral Images ◽

Leaf Nitrogen Content ◽

New Feature

Real-time and accurate monitoring of nitrogen content in crops is crucial for precision agriculture. Proximal sensing is the most common technique for monitoring crop traits, but it is often influenced by soil background and shadow effects. However, few studies have investigated the classification of different components of crop canopy, and the performance of spectral and textural indices from different components on estimating leaf nitrogen content (LNC) of wheat remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate a new feature extracted from near-ground hyperspectral imaging data to estimate precisely the LNC of wheat. In field experiments conducted over two years, we collected hyperspectral images at different rates of nitrogen and planting densities for several varieties of wheat throughout the growing season. We used traditional methods of classification (one unsupervised and one supervised method), spectral analysis (SA), textural analysis (TA), and integrated spectral and textural analysis (S-TA) to classify the images obtained as those of soil, panicles, sunlit leaves (SL), and shadowed leaves (SHL). The results show that the S-TA can provide a reasonable compromise between accuracy and efficiency (overall accuracy = 97.8%, Kappa coefficient = 0.971, and run time = 14 min), so the comparative results from S-TA were used to generate four target objects: the whole image (WI), all leaves (AL), SL, and SHL. Then, those objects were used to determine the relationships between the LNC and three types of indices: spectral indices (SIs), textural indices (TIs), and spectral and textural indices (STIs). All AL-derived indices achieved more stable relationships with the LNC than the WI-, SL-, and SHL-derived indices, and the AL-derived STI was the best index for estimating the LNC in terms of both calibration (Rc2 = 0.78, relative root mean-squared error (RRMSEc) = 13.5%) and validation (Rv2 = 0.83, RRMSEv = 10.9%). It suggests that extracting the spectral and textural features of all leaves from near-ground hyperspectral images can precisely estimate the LNC of wheat throughout the growing season. The workflow is promising for the LNC estimation of other crops and could be helpful for precision agriculture.

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Simulation and Experimental Study of the Near Field Probe in the Form of a Folded Dipole for Measuring Glucose Concentration

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11125415 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 5415

Author(s):

Aleksandr Gorst ◽

Kseniya Zavyalova ◽

Aleksandr Mironchev ◽

Andrey Zapasnoy ◽

Andrey Klokov

Keyword(s):

Experimental Measurement ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Near Field ◽

Vector Network Analyzer ◽

Human Hand ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Network Analyzer ◽

Frequency Range ◽

Average Deviation

The article investigates the near-field probe of a special design to account for changes in glucose concentration. The probe is designed in such a way that it emits radiation in both directions from its plane. In this paper, it was proposed to modernize this design and consider the unidirectional emission of the probe in order to maximize the signal and reduce energy loss. We have done extensive research for both bidirectional and unidirectional probe designs. Numerical simulations and field experiments were carried out to determine different concentrations of glucose (0, 4, 5.3, 7.5 mmol/L). Numerical modeling of a unidirectional probe showed that the interaction of radiation generated by such a probe with a multilayer structure simulating a human hand showed a better result and high sensitivity compared to a bidirectional probe. Further, based on the simulation results, a phantom (physical model) of a human hand was recreated from layers with dielectric properties as close as possible to the properties of materials during simulation. The probe was constructed from a copper tube and matched both the geometric and physical parameters of the model. The experimental measurement was carried out using a vector network analyzer in the frequency range 2–10 GHz. The experimental measurement was carried out using a vector network analyzer in the frequency range 2–10 GHz for the unidirectional and bidirectional probes. Further, the results of the experiment were compared with the results of numerical simulation. According to the results of multiple experiments, it was found that the average deviation between the concentrations was 2 dB for a unidirectional probe and 0.4 dB for a bidirectional probe. Thus, the sensitivity of the unidirectional probe was 1.5 dB/(mmol/L) for the bidirectional one 0.3 dB/(mmol/L). Thus, the improved design of the near-field probe can be used to record glucose concentrations.

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Effects of Ridge Tillage and Straw Mulching on Cultivation the Fresh Faba Beans

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11061054 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1054

Author(s):

Bo Li ◽

Xinyu Chen ◽

Xiaoxu Shi ◽

Jian Liu ◽

Yafeng Wei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rice Straw ◽

Precision Agriculture ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Root Surface ◽

High Yield ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Straw Mulching ◽

Faba Beans ◽

Ridge Tillage

Ridge tillage is an effective agronomic practice and a miniature precision agriculture; however, its effects on the growth of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) are poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the effect of ridge tillage and straw mulching on the root growth, nutrient accumulation and yield of faba beans. Field experiments were conducted during 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons and comprised four treatments: ridge tillage without any mulching (RT), flat tillage without any mulch (FT), flat tillage with rice straw mulched on the ridge tillage (FTRSM) and ridge tillage with rice straw mulched on the ridge tillage (RTRSM). The RT and RTRSM increased soil temperature and decreased soil humidity and improved soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter. RT and RTRSM increased the root length density, root surface area, root diameter and root activity of faba beans at flowering and harvest periods. The RT and RTRSM also increased the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium absorption and the yield of faba beans. These results indicated that ridge tillage and straw mulching affect faba bean growth by improving soil moisture conditions and providing good air permeability and effective soil nutrition supply. This study provides a theoretical basis for the high yield cultivation improvement of faba beans.

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Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) interference and seed production as affected by sowing time and crop density in winter wheat

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/wsc.2020.84 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Muhammad Javaid Akhter ◽

Per Kudsk ◽

Solvejg Kopp Mathiassen ◽

Bo Melander

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Seed Production ◽

Yield Components ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Growing Season ◽

Sowing Time ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Crop Density ◽

Wide Range

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in the growing seasons of 2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 to evaluate the competitive effects of rattail fescue [Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.] in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to assess whether delayed crop sowing and increased crop density influence the emergence, competitiveness, and fecundity of V. myuros. Cumulative emergence showed the potential of V. myuros to emerge rapidly and under a wide range of climatic conditions with no effect of crop density and variable effects of sowing time between the two experiments. Grain yield and yield components were negatively affected by increasing V. myuros density. The relationship between grain yield and V. myuros density was not influenced by sowing time or by crop density, but crop–weed competition was strongly influenced by growing conditions. Due to very different weather conditions, grain yield reductions were lower in the growing season of 2017 to 2018 than in 2018 to 2019, with maximum grain yield losses of 22% and 50% in the two growing seasons, respectively. The yield components, number of crop ears per square meter, and 1,000-kernel weight were affected almost equally, reflecting that V. myuros’s competition with winter wheat occurred both early and late in the growing season. Seed production of V. myuros was suppressed by delaying sowing and increasing crop density. The impacts of delayed sowing and increasing crop density on seed production of V. myuros highlight the potential of these cultural weed control tactics in the long-term management programs of this species.

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Critical plant phosphorus for winter wheat assessed from long-term field experiments

European Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.1016/j.eja.2021.126263 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 126 ◽

pp. 126263

Author(s):

Mario Fontana ◽

Gilles Bélanger ◽

Juliane Hirte ◽

Noura Ziadi ◽

Saïd Elfouki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Term Field

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Effects of Integrating Cultivar Resistance and Fungicide Application on Fusarium Head Blight and Deoxynivalenol in Winter Wheat

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-07-10-0495 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 95 (5) ◽

pp. 554-560 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Stephen N. Wegulo ◽

William W. Bockus ◽

John Hernandez Nopsa ◽

Erick D. De Wolf ◽

Kent M. Eskridge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Cultivar Resistance ◽

Head Blight ◽

Resistant Cultivars ◽

Fungicide Application ◽

Fungicide Efficacy ◽

Moderately Resistant

Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab, incited by Fusarium graminearum, can cause significant economic losses in small grain production. Five field experiments were conducted from 2007 to 2009 to determine the effects on FHB and the associated mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) of integrating winter wheat cultivar resistance and fungicide application. Other variables measured were yield and the percentage of Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK). The fungicides prothioconazole + tebuconazole (formulated as Prosaro 421 SC) were applied at the rate of 0.475 liters/ha, or not applied, to three cultivars (experiments 1 to 3) or six cultivars (experiments 4 and 5) differing in their levels of resistance to FHB and DON accumulation. The effect of cultivar on FHB index was highly significant (P < 0.0001) in all five experiments. Under the highest FHB intensity and no fungicide application, the moderately resistant cultivars Harry, Heyne, Roane, and Truman had less severe FHB than the susceptible cultivars 2137, Jagalene, Overley, and Tomahawk (indices of 30 to 46% and 78 to 99%, respectively). Percent fungicide efficacy in reducing index and DON was greater in moderately resistant than in susceptible cultivars. Yield was negatively correlated with index, with FDK, and with DON, whereas index was positively correlated with FDK and with DON, and FDK and DON were positively correlated. Correlation between index and DON, index and FDK, and FDK and DON was stronger in susceptible than in moderately resistant cultivars, whereas the negative correlation between yield and FDK and yield and DON was stronger in moderately resistant than in susceptible cultivars. Overall, the strongest correlation was between index and DON (0.74 ≤ R ≤ 0.88, P ≤ 0.05). The results from this study indicate that fungicide efficacy in reducing FHB and DON was greater in moderately resistant cultivars than in susceptible ones. This shows that integrating cultivar resistance with fungicide application can be an effective strategy for management of FHB and DON in winter wheat.

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Field experiments comparing ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate as top-dressings for winter wheat and grassland

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600042477 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 377-379 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. R. Devine ◽

M. R. J. Holmes

Keyword(s):

Great Britain ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Ammonium Sulphate ◽

Field Experiments

Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate wore compared as top-dressing applications in thirty-six field experiments on winter wheat and eighty-nine on grassland in various parts of Great Britain in 1956-62. The rates of application were 35-60 lb./acre of nitrogen for winter wheat and 30-100 lb./acre for grassland in one application only.

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Ecologically safe methods for presowing treatment of cereal seeds

Ukrainian Journal of Ecology ◽

10.15421/2019_77 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 198-207

Author(s):

V. V. Bezpal'ko ◽

L. V. Zhukova ◽

S. V. Stankevich ◽

Yu. H. Ogurtsov ◽

I. I. Klymenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Seed Production ◽

High Frequency ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Ecological Features ◽

Extremely High Frequency ◽

Presowing Treatment ◽

Before And After ◽

Crop Capacity

We analyzed various sources of scientific literature and our data at the experimental field of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences Plant Growing Institute named after V.Ya. Yuryev within 2010-2013. The irradiation of winter wheat and spring barley seeds with the electromagnetic fields of the extremely high frequencies (MWF of EHF) was carried out with the help of the equipment of the Kharkiv Technical University of Radio Electronics. The treatment of seeds with the microwave oscillations of the extremely high frequency electromagnetic field (MWF of EHF) that is widely used for the operation of many radio and home microwave devices was done at the frequency range of 2.5-3.4 GHz, at the power of 0.9-1.8 kW for 5-95 seconds per 1 kg of seeds. The sowing quality of the seeds before and after treatment was determined in accordance with the current State Standard of Ukraine 4138-2002 in the laboratory of the seed production and seed science of the Plant Growing Institute named after V.Ya. Yuryev. The field experiments were performed in the crop rotation laboratory of the seed production and seed science. Pea for grain was sown before spring barley and the black fallow preceded winter wheat. During the experiments the area of the studied plot was 20 m2, the recurrence was four-times, and the placement of the plots were systemic.We suggested the optimum regimes of seeds irradiation with the microwave field of an extremely high frequency (MWF of EHF). They should be at range of 2.4-3.4 GHz with the power consumption of 0.9 kW per 1 kg of seed and at exposure of 45 seconds of 1.8 kW per 1 kg of seeds and exposure of 15-20 seconds. Such regimes cause the increased energy of germination, seeds sprouting, and crop capacity. We proposed to use this solution for improving and increasing the ecological features of winter wheat and spring barley by using the presowing microwave irradiation of seeds instead of chemical treatment. We considered the complex presowing treatment of seeds with MWF of EHF in combination with the plant growth regulators should be adopted and further enhanced.

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