scholarly journals Does official development assistance affect a donor’s exports? South Korea’s case

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bobae Noh ◽  
Almas Heshmati
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Official Development Assistance ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Unobserved Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

AbstractThis paper studies the impact of official development assistance (ODA) provided by South Korea for its exports to recipient countries. The empirical analysis is based on data from 1996 to 2014 and covers 121 recipient countries. The paper uses a 3SLS estimation method that accounts for a two-way causal relationship between ODA and exports while the endogeneity and sample selection bias are accounted for. Using the gravity model, we confirm the positive effects of ODA when fixed unobserved effects are controlled. The model is further generalized by disaggregating ODA into its underlying types of aid. Our results show that technical cooperation and loans have positive and significant effects, but grants have a negative impact on South Korea’s exports to recipient countries. In addition, we also examine South Korea’s ODA allocations. Our findings suggest that there is a two-stage decision-making process in the provision of aid. In the first stage, the aid’s humanitarian purpose plays a key role in responding to countries’ needs even when there is lower bilateral trade with these countries. In the second stage, decisions regarding the size of ODA are considered and these present a mixed purpose for giving ODA to higher importer countries.

Institutional Quality and Trade Flow: Empirical Evidence from Malaysia and Other OIC Member Countries in Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 097508782098717
Author(s):  
Hammed Agboola Yusuf ◽  
Luqman Olanrewaju Afolabi ◽  
Waliu Olawale Shittu ◽  
Kafilah Lola Gold ◽  
Murtala Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flow ◽  
World Governance Indicators ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the impact of institutional quality on bilateral trade flow between Malaysia and selected 25 African Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member countries. Four institutional qualities were selected from World Governance Indicators with other trade predictors from the period from 1985 to 2016. Using gravity model of trade and Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimation method (PPML) technique, the results confirm that government effectiveness, regulatory quality and political stability have an adverse effect on bilateral trade flow among the OIC countries in Africa. On the other hand, these institutional quality variables were considered as a strength for Malaysian economic growth. Therefore, better institutional quality reforms are needed among OIC member countries in Africa in order to accelerate trade, economic growth and development in their region.

scholarly journals Bank Capital, Operating Efficiency, and Corporate Performance in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-87
Author(s):  
Abdulai Agbaje Salami ◽  
Ahmad Bukola Uthman
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Bank Performance ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Bank Capital ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Net Interest Margin ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study examines the impact of bank capital and operating efficiency on the Nigerian deposit money bank financial performance with a view to resolving risk-based and non-risk-based capitals’ dichotomy existing in the bank literature. Using bank-specific data obtained from the annual reports and accounts of 15 banks listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange between 2012 and 2015, the panel data regression analyses revealed the superiority of standard capital ratio of equity-to-total-assets, a non-risk-based capital, over other measures. While all measures, both risk-based and non-risk-based capitals, showed significantly positive effects on bank performance as measured by return-on-asset, mixed results were obtained from other indicators: return-on-equity and net-interest-margin. Overall, only equity-to-total-assets influenced all adopted performance indicators positively. It was also found that operating efficiency measured by cost-to-income ratio had negative impact on bank performance, but on the average it appeared too high. Thus, incorporating the standard capital ratio of equity-to-total assets into regulatory regime by the banks’ regulator is recommended to ensure its relevance is not overshadowed.

scholarly journals The Analysis of the Economic Impact of VAT on the Economic Growth in Southern Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Cosmina-Ștefania Chiricu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Aggregate Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Potential ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Econometric Assessment

AbstractThe Southern Region of Europe is economically well-developed with highly industrialized urban areas and with great agricultural potential. The empirical analysis is based on an econometric assessment that measures the impact of the VAT on the rate of economic growth for years between 1996 and 2017. The empirical evidence highlighted a significant positive impact of VAT on economic growth, but a poor and ineffective use of the tax revenues during the period under review. Moreover, evidence revealed relatively high rates of VAT in the countries analyzed, with negative impact on the aggregate consumption and a diminishing effect of the consumer’s income.

scholarly journals The Impact of Inflation Volatility on an Enterprise’s Innovation Strategy

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 193-197
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Innovation Strategy ◽  
Potential Output ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Inflation Volatility ◽  
High Inflation ◽  
The Impact

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of inflation volatility on an enterprise's innovation strategy. The study showed that increasing inflation leads to a decrease in the stationary level of potential output, as well as to a decrease in the rate of economic growth in the process of transition to a stationary state. A formula is proposed for calculating the total effect of inflation on the level of enterprise output. The negative impact of the inflation rate on the welfare of economic agents was revealed, which is expressed in the fall in their equilibrium consumption level. Higher-income countries have been shown to suffer more from high inflation than poorer countries. All conclusions made in the analysis of the dynamic model of the impact of inflation on potential output are verified based on econometric modelling using methods and models for panel data: models with fixed effects, models with random effects, and a generalized method of moments. Moreover, the obtained empirical results are stable concerning changes in the specification of the equation and estimation method

The Impact of Ceta Programs on Components of Participants' Earnings

ILR Review ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine P. Dickinson ◽  
Terry R. Johnson ◽  
Richard W. West
Keyword(s):  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hourly Wage ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Hourly Wage Rate ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
The Impact

This paper provides the first estimates of the net impact of CETA participation on the components of CETA participants' post-program earnings. Employing a sample of 1975 CETA enrollees and comparison groups drawn from the March 1978 CPS using a nearest-neighbor matching technique, the authors estimate statistically significant negative effects on men's earnings and statistically significant positive effects on women's earnings. These results stem partly from the impact of CETA participation on the likelihood of being employed after leaving the program (negative for men, positive for women), but also from a negative impact on hours worked during the year and hourly wage rate for men and a large positive impact on hours worked per week and weeks worked per year for women.

scholarly journals Efficiency Analysis of Official Development Assistance Provided by Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Gi Hwang ◽  
Soohyun Park ◽  
Daecheol Kim
Keyword(s):  
Development Assistance ◽  
Efficiency Analysis ◽  
Official Development Assistance ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Average Efficiency ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Dea Efficiency ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Tobit Regression Analysis

Results of the CDI and QODA evaluation developed by OECD showed that Korea’s aid presented low efficiency compared to other aid countries. However, these methods represent a qualitative assessment of the effectiveness of each country’s aid and are not applicable to the evaluation of actual aid projects and the identification of causes of the inefficiency. Therefore, it is needed to grasp the reality of Korea’s aid and to identify the cause of aid inefficiency to set up a better ODA policy. The purpose of this study is to improve the effectiveness of Korea’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) provided to developing countries. To do this, we analyzed the efficiency of ODA provided to 33 recipient countries by Korea through data envelopment analysis method. The effects of three factors, illiteracy, integrity, and GDP, on efficiency were also investigated by utilizing a Tobit regression analysis. As a result of the DEA efficiency analysis, it was found that the average efficiency was about 65.74%. By region, the average efficiency scores of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, and Middle East and Eastern Europe were about 47.8%, 78.9%, 70.4%, and 62.7%, respectively. This indicates that Asian countries are inefficient compared to countries from other regions. It was also found that GDP, integrity, and illiteracy have positive effects on efficiency. The methodology proposed in this study can be used for other studies to create an aid policy that produces efficient results.

Financial Inclusion and Gender Inequality Reduction: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 367-372
Author(s):  
Sylvester Ohiomu ◽  
Evelyn Nwamaka Ogbeide-Osaretin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Reduced inequality and gender equality are parts of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) towards global development, but the financial sector appears daunted in respect of financial inclusion for these noble goals. Concerns are more on gender inequality in the area of full utilisation of financial and human resources. Hence, this study investigated the impact of financial inclusion on gender inequality in sub-Saharan Africa. The study employed the generalised method of moments (GMM) estimation method on panel data on some countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The result of the study revealed that financial inclusion substantially reduced gender inequality. Financial inclusion access was found to drive down gender inequality more than usage. Female educational levels were found to have a substantial but negative impact on gender inequality. This study recommends that there is a need for an increase in commercial bank branches to increase accessibility to financial services. The government should increase its expenditure, and this should be channelled towards financial development and higher levels of education for females to improve financial literacy.

Development assistance of France for African countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 38-61
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Andrzejczak ◽  
Agata Kliber
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
Official Development Assistance ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Panel Model ◽  
Uranium Migration ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
French Foreign Policy

The paper analyses the official development assistance provided by France to African countries within 2001—2012. The term official development assistance is understood as financial flows directed by the institutions of donor countries to a certain group of countries and multilateral institutions in order to support the progress and prosperity of developing countries. The aim of the study is to verify whether the criteria for granting financial support declared by the donors (in here: France) and determined by the Millennium Development Goals (defined by the UN General Assembly in 2000), are covered by actual financial flows. Data concerning the volume of the development assistance within 2001—2012 were analysed in the following subgroups of countries: the ones which were and were not historical colonies as well as countries with and without natural resources. For each subgroup, a panel model with fixed effects was estimated. It was stated that although mainly the development issues and anti-poverty campaign are postulated by the French foreign policy, the recipients structure of development assistance provided by France is largely dependent on the common colonial past, energy sources potential (oil, gas, uranium), migration level as well as bilateral trade exchange.

Impact of Fiscal Policy on Agricultural Output in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adedoyin Isola LAWAL ◽  
Ernest Onyebuchi FIDELIS ◽  
Abiola Ayoopo BABAJIDE ◽  
Barnabas O. OBASAJU ◽  
Oluwatoyese OYETADE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Agricultural Output ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the impact of fiscal policy on agricultural output in Nigeria using the most recent official data. The metrics for fiscal policy is government capital expenditure and custom duties on fertilizer. The study used annual time series data obtained from CBN annual statistical bulletin, NCS, and FIRS which was found to be stationary at the order of I(1) and I(0). The order of unit root test led to the use of ARDL estimation method employed in the empirical analysis of this research work. The study found evidence of both short and long run relationship between the variables (VAO, GEX, IDMF, and ACGSF) using both Johansen co-integration and ARDL Bounds test. Although government expenditure (GEX) to agricultural sector was found to be statistically insignificant which recommend that government should increase agriculture capital expenditure to ensure that its contribution is significant. Consequently, custom duties on fertilizer (IDMF) was found to be negatively signed and significant indicating a negative impact on agricultural output. This demands that the policy makers should be prudent in the use of fiscal policy instrument in achieving its desired objective.

scholarly journals Interrelationship between Sleep and Exercise: A Systematic Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett A. Dolezal ◽  
Eric V. Neufeld ◽  
David M. Boland ◽  
Jennifer L. Martin ◽  
Christopher B. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sleep Study ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Intensity Of Exercise ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Although a substantial body of literature has explored the relationship between sleep and exercise, comprehensive reviews and definitive conclusions about the impact of exercise interventions on sleep are lacking. Electronic databases were searched for articles published between January 2013 and March 2017. Studies were included if they possessed either objective or subjective measures of sleep and an exercise intervention that followed the guidelines recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine. Thirty-four studies met these inclusion criteria. Twenty-nine studies concluded that exercise improved sleep quality or duration; however, four found no difference and one reported a negative impact of exercise on sleep. Study results varied most significantly due to participants’ age, health status, and the mode and intensity of exercise intervention. Mixed findings were reported for children, adolescents, and young adults. Interventions conducted with middle-aged and elderly adults reported more robust results. In these cases, exercise promoted increased sleep efficiency and duration regardless of the mode and intensity of activity, especially in populations suffering from disease. Our review suggests that sleep and exercise exert substantial positive effects on one another; however, to reach a true consensus, the mechanisms behind these observations must first be elucidated.

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