scholarly journals Philosophical foundations for digital ethics and AI Ethics: a dignitarian approach

AI and Ethics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hanna ◽  
Emre Kazim
Keyword(s):  
Human Dignity ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Digital Ethics ◽  
Human Happiness ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAI Ethics is a burgeoning and relatively new field that has emerged in response to growing concerns about the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on human individuals and their social institutions. In turn, AI ethics is a part of the broader field of digital ethics, which addresses similar concerns generated by the development and deployment of new digital technologies. Here, we tackle the important worry that digital ethics in general, and AI ethics in particular, lack adequate philosophical foundations. In direct response to that worry, we formulate and rationally justify some basic concepts and principles for digital ethics/AI ethics, all drawn from a broadly Kantian theory of human dignity. Our argument, which is designed to be relatively compact and easily accessible, is presented in ten distinct steps: (1) what “digital ethics” and “AI ethics” mean, (2) refuting the dignity-skeptic, (3) the metaphysics of human dignity, (4) human happiness or flourishing, true human needs, and human dignity, (5) our moral obligations with respect to all human real persons, (6) what a natural automaton or natural machine is, (7) why human real persons are not natural automata/natural machines: because consciousness is a form of life, (8) our moral obligations with respect to the design and use of artificial automata or artificial machines, aka computers, and digital technology more generally, (9) what privacy is, why invasions of digital privacy are morally impermissible, whereas consensual entrances into digital privacy are either morally permissible or even obligatory, and finally (10) dignitarian morality versus legality, and digital ethics/AI ethics. We conclude by asserting our strongly-held belief that a well-founded and generally-accepted dignitarian digital ethics/AI ethics is of global existential importance for humanity.

Here there Be Tygers: Profit, Non-profit, and Loss in the Age of Disintermediation

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Scholarly Publishing ◽  
The Political ◽  
Quality Information ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
High Quality Information ◽  
Europe De L’Est ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: Scholarly publishing and access to high-quality information may in fact be threatened, rather than improved, by the revolution in communications, particularly in a fully commercial Internet. The effects of the political revolution in Eastern Europe on scholarship and quality publishing are used as a touchstone of the dangers that occur when naïve revolutionaries make swift changes without fully recognizing the impact upon delicately balanced social institutions such as non-profit organizations. Résumé: La révolution en communications, particulièrement en ce qui regarde un Internet commercialisé, plutôt que d'améliorer l'édition savante et l'accès à de l'information de haute qualité, pourrait en fait poser une menace pour ceux-ci. Cet article examine comment la révolution politique en Europe de l'Est a influé sur la recherche et l'édition de qualité. Il utilise cet exemple pour examiner les dangers que peuvent courir certains révolutionnaires naïfs quand ils instaurent des changements rapides san songer à leur impact sur des institutions sociales à équilibre délicat comme les organisations à but non lucratif.

scholarly journals Ethics of Corporeal, Co-present Robots as Agents of Influence: a Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJung Moon ◽  
Shalaleh Rismani ◽  
H. F. Machiel Van der Loos
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Natural Tendency ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose of Review To summarize the set of roboethics issues that uniquely arise due to the corporeality and physical interaction modalities afforded by robots, irrespective of the degree of artificial intelligence present in the system. Recent Findings One of the recent trends in the discussion of ethics of emerging technologies has been the treatment of roboethics issues as those of “embodied AI,” a subset of AI ethics. In contrast to AI, however, robots leverage human’s natural tendency to be influenced by our physical environment. Recent work in human-robot interaction highlights the impact a robot’s presence, capacity to touch, and move in our physical environment has on people, and helping to articulate the ethical issues particular to the design of interactive robotic systems. Summary The corporeality of interactive robots poses unique sets of ethical challenges. These issues should be considered in the design irrespective of and in addition to the ethics of artificial intelligence implemented in them.

The concept of human dignity in the case-law of the Supreme Court of Canada on Charter Equality Rights

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 118-137
Author(s):  
Tatiana Vasilieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Supreme Court Of Canada ◽  
Equality Rights ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Additional Burden ◽  
The Impact

This article explores the evolution of the Supreme Court of Canada’s approach to the application of the concept of human dignity in constitutional equality cases. Traditionally, in human rights cases, this concept serves only to strengthen the argument, to show that the violation affects the person’s intrinsic worth. It is only in Canada and in South Africa that there is experience in applying the concept as a criterion for identifying discrimination. In 1999, in Law v. Canada, the Supreme Court recognized the purpose of Article 15(1) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms of 1982 to be the protection of human dignity and stated that discrimination must be established based on assessment of the impact of a program or law on human dignity. However, in 2008, in R. v. Kapp, the Court noted that the application of the concept of human dignity creates difficulties and places an additional burden of prove on the plaintiff. It is no coincidence that victims of discrimination have preferred to seek protection before human rights tribunals and commissions, where the dignity-based test is not used. Subsequently, the Supreme Court of Canada rejected the use of the concept of human dignity as a criterion for identifying discrimination. The unsuccessful experience of applying the concept of human dignity as legal test has demonstrated that not every theoretically correct legal construction is effective in adjudication.

scholarly journals A Framework for Assessing Instream Supporting Ecosystem Services Based on Hydroecological Modelling

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sikhululekile Ncube ◽  
Annie Visser ◽  
Lindsay Beevers
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Western Himalayas ◽  
Water Resources Planning ◽  
River Systems ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Flood Regulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Resources Planning

River systems provide diverse ecosystem services (ES), such as flood regulation (regulating), fresh water (provisioning), nutrient cycling (supporting), and recreation (cultural), among others. The construction of infrastructure (e.g., for hydropower, irrigation) enhances the delivery of tangible ES for example food or energy (generally provisioning) to meet human needs. However, the resulting change to river flows threatens both the ecological health of a river and its ability to provide intangible but vital ES, for example those which support the delivery of other services. Understanding these supporting ES processes in river systems is essential to fully recognise the impact of water resources development on ES delivery. Whilst approaches for assessing instream supporting ES are under development, to date few provide quantitative methods for assessing delivery. Thus, this paper sets out a framework for the assessment of instream supporting ES using hydroecological modelling. It links supporting ES delivery to fluvial hydrological indicators through the use of ecologically relevant hydrological indices and macroinvertebrate flow preferences. The proposed framework is demonstrated on the Beas River basin (Western Himalayas, India), and is flexible enough to be transferred to a basin-wide model, thereby allowing ES relationships to be accounted for in basin-wide water resources planning.

scholarly journals Social Isolation Challenge: Russian Context

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Alexander Strizoe
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Early Modernity ◽  
Asynchronous Development ◽  
The Impact

The article considers the main trends and features of the impact of social isolation measures in a global pandemic on the life of modern society. The author notes that the practice of implementing measures of social isolation distinguishes certain social strata, pushing others to the periphery of managerial attention and support; aggravates feelings of social inequality of opportunity, changes space and intensity of individual and social mobility; affects the authority of local and regional government and attitudes towards them. The article describes various aspects and difficulties of individual and social adaptation to the pandemic. The carried out comparative analysis of European and Russian sociocultural context, in which social challenges of the pandemic are manifested, shows their common features: aggravation of problems of social adaptation, different degrees of readiness for it, an asynchronous development of integration processes, an authoritarian-conservative turn in the mass consciousness. The characteristic of the main trends of changes in consciousness and behavior is given, in which the response of Russian society to the challenges of new living conditions and the pandemic reformatting of the social communications space is manifested. The attention to the multidirectional character of adaptation strategies of the population is drawn. The author expresses the opinion that the choice of the optimal variant of society's adaptation to global environmental, including pandemic, challenges is determined both by the elite's ability to transform social institutions and by a change in the dominant personality type. An atomized type of individual, focused on the values of early modernity, in whose subconsciousness authoritarian-paternalistic attitudes are preserved, should be replaced by a type of personality, with qualities and abilities corresponding to the imperatives of a complex and dynamically changing modern society.

scholarly journals Relasi Antara Penggunaan Android dan Perubahan Sosial Perdesaan: Studi Perubahan Sosial di Kabupaten Bogor Jawa Barat

Society ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Iskandar Zulkarnain ◽  
Husaini Husaini ◽  
Khamid Baekhaki ◽  
F. Yoppie Christian
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Family Cohesion ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Mixed Method Research ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Impact

Social changes is all changes on social institutions within community which impacting on its system including values, norms and patern of behaviour between groups in community, technology is one of the cause. Technology of media cq Android pressumed will give impact on traditional rural so-cial system, thus these mixed-method research intended to study how far the impact of the usage of Android on rural social changes. The present of internet followed by the more personalized Android in the rural community has made a transformation on interaction dimension between member of community both in Babakan village as urban-rural, and Petir as rural-village. The ownership and usage of Android between member of community today has various of meanings, whether to build peer-relation, tighten the family cohesion or to support the economic activities. The social change as impact of the usage of Android apparrently only occurs on interaction dimension without changing the structural or the cultural dimension. Research found, the prolonged social norms which has been rooted and maintaned by the community still able to work as social control mechanism, however the research shows the indication that the rationlisation on individual is ongoing, this may more or less loosen the social cohesion of rural community.

scholarly journals Impact Of Wounds In The Assistance To Basic Human Needs In Intensive Care

10.3823/2385 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelly De Araújo Ferreira ◽  
Nayda Babel Alves de Lima ◽  
Glenda Agra ◽  
Priscilla Tereza Lopes de Souza ◽  
Cecilia Jéssica Azevedo da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Soft Tissue Injuries ◽  
Quantitative Character ◽  
Adult Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Basic Human Needs ◽  
The Impact

Objective: to understand the impact of soft tissue injuries in the provision of assistance to Basic Human Needs of customers by the nursing staff in the Adult Intensive Care Unit of a hospital in Pernambuco, Brazil. Methodology: this is a descriptive study with quantitative character, performed with 104 nurses in December 2015. A questionnaire drawn from Wanda Horta's theory was used for data collection. Results: the most judicious care provided by the multidisciplinary team (81.7%) and the establishment of bond between professionals and clients (57.7%) were found to be the main positive effects. However, negative effects were outstanding, indicated by increased hospital stay (86.5%) and feeling of anxiety (72.1%). Despite the interference of lesions, body care (86%), communication (63.3%), and religiosity/spirituality (43.3%) needs were referred to as met. Conclusion: the presence of wounds represents a difficulty to meet needs, although they bring some positive impact on the client. However, while recognizing the importance of valuing the customer subjectivity, this aspect is not yet addressed with proper attention. Keywords: Intensive Care Unit; Injuries; Nursing Care; Basic needs.  

scholarly journals Expanding the Impact of the Psychology of Working: Engaging Psychology in the Struggle for Decent Work and Human Rights

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Blustein ◽  
Maureen E. Kenny ◽  
Annamaria Di Fabio ◽  
Jean Guichard
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
The World ◽  
Psychology Of Working ◽  
The Impact

Building on new developments in the psychology of working framework (PWF) and psychology of working theory (PWT), this article proposes a rationale and research agenda for applied psychologists and career development professionals to contribute to the many challenges related to human rights and decent work. Recent and ongoing changes in the world are contributing to a significant loss of decent work, including a rise of unemployment, underemployment, and precarious work across the globe. By failing to satisfy human needs for economic survival, social connection, and self-determination, the loss of decent work undermines individual and societal well-being, particularly for marginalized groups and those without highly marketable skills. Informed by innovations in the PWF/PWT, we offer exemplary research agendas that focus on examining the psychological meaning and impact of economic and social protections, balancing caregiving work and market work, making work more just, and enhancing individual capacities for coping and adapting to changes in the world of work. These examples are intended to stimulate new ideas and initiatives for psychological research that will inform and enhance efforts pertaining to work as a human right.

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