scholarly journals Ethical funding for trustworthy AI: proposals to address the responsibilities of funders to ensure that projects adhere to trustworthy AI practice

AI and Ethics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Gardner ◽  
Adam Leon Smith ◽  
Adam Steventon ◽  
Ellen Coughlan ◽  
Marie Oldfield
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Project Planning ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Grant Application ◽  
Application Form ◽  
Research Grants ◽  
Funding Body ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
Application Procedure ◽  
The Many

AbstractAI systems that demonstrate significant bias or lower than claimed accuracy, and resulting in individual and societal harms, continue to be reported. Such reports beg the question as to why such systems continue to be funded, developed and deployed despite the many published ethical AI principles. This paper focusses on the funding processes for AI research grants which we have identified as a gap in the current range of ethical AI solutions such as AI procurement guidelines, AI impact assessments and AI audit frameworks. We highlight the responsibilities of funding bodies to ensure investment is channelled towards trustworthy and safe AI systems and provides case studies as to how other ethical funding principles are managed. We offer a first sight of two proposals for funding bodies to consider regarding procedures they can employ. The first proposal is for the inclusion of a Trustworthy AI Statement’ section in the grant application form and offers an example of the associated guidance. The second proposal outlines the wider management requirements of a funding body for the ethical review and monitoring of funded projects to ensure adherence to the proposed ethical strategies in the applicants Trustworthy AI Statement. The anticipated outcome for such proposals being employed would be to create a ‘stop and think’ section during the project planning and application procedure requiring applicants to implement the methods for the ethically aligned design of AI. In essence it asks funders to send the message “if you want the money, then build trustworthy AI!”.

Lepanto and Beyond

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Media Campaign ◽  
Scholarly Discussion ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Many

The Battle of Lepanto, celebrated as the greatest triumph of Christendom over its Ottoman enemy, was soon transformed into a powerful myth through a vast media campaign. Lepanto – or rather, the varied storytelling and the many visual representations that contributed to shape the perception of the battle in Christian Europe – is the main focus of this book. In a broader perspective, Lepanto and Beyond also gathers reflections on the construction of religious alterity and offers analyses of specific case studies taken from different fields, investigating the figure of the Muslim captive in reality, artistic depiction, and literature. With different themes related to the Republic of Genoa, the authors also aim to redress a perceived imbalance and to restore the important role of the Genoese in the general scholarly discussion on Lepanto and its images.

scholarly journals Linked Data in a Nutshell: A Starter Kit of Selected Annotated Bibliography and Resources for Academic Librarians: Part One

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Weiling Liu
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Linked Data ◽  
Annotated Bibliography ◽  
Academic Librarians ◽  
English Only ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Many ◽  
Data Evolution ◽  
The Web

It has been a decade since Tim Berners-Lee coined Linked Data in 2006. More and more Linked Data datasets have been made available for information retrieval on the Web.  It is essential for librarians, especially academic librarians, to keep up with the state of Linked Data.  There is so much information about Linked Data that one may wonder where to begin when they want to join the Linked Data community. With this in mind, the author compiled this annotated bibliography as a starter kit.  Due to the many resources available, this list focuses on literature in English only and of specific projects, case studies, research studies, and tools that may be helpful to academic librarians, in addition to the overview of Linked Data concept and the current state of Linked Data evolution and adoption.

scholarly journals Readers' Advisory: In the Readers’ Own Words: How User Content in the Catalog Can Enhance Readers’ Advisory Services

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise F. Spiteri ◽  
Jen Pecoskie
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
User Generated Content ◽  
Access Points ◽  
Advisory Services ◽  
Subject Headings ◽  
The Many ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
User Content

It’s always challenging and exciting to find topics for the readers’ advisory column, and professionals willing to write for them! I’ve been so thankful to the many professionals who have so generously given their time and shared their expertise for this column. From lessons learned, case studies and differing opinions on RA and its future, it is amazing how various and rich this area of librarianship is—and how rewarding and frustrating! In an effort to continue to provide a broad spectrum of thoughts and ideas, I asked Dr. Louise Spiteri of Dalhousie University to write for this issue. Spiteri recently completed two stages of research examining subject headings and user-generated content and how these connect with RA access points. Jen Pecoskie was Spiteri’s research partner in both studies.—Editor

scholarly journals Book Review: Planning Academic Library Orientations: Case Studies from Around the World

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Holly Luetkenhaus
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Academic Library ◽  
First Year ◽  
Orientation Program ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Online Tutorials ◽  
The World ◽  
The Many

For those engaging with first-year students and planning first-year programs in academic libraries, the library orientation is a key part of the work we do. “Library orientation” is often a catch-all term that is used to describe many types of library activities aimed at new college students, including in-class sessions, tours, online tutorials, and more. For a librarian revising an existing orientation program or starting from scratch, the possibilities are almost limitless, and it can be daunting to weed through the many options and settle on one that works for your library, your institution, and your students.

The Use of Seniority in Labour Selection and Job Allocation

1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Business Management ◽  
Economic Rationality ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Job Allocation ◽  
Labour Process ◽  
Work Tasks ◽  
The Many ◽  
Selection Of

One of the many causes of conflict within the labour process is choice of an appropriate criterion for the selection of labour and the allocation of work tasks. While merit, as a proxy for productivity or efficiency, is appropriate according to economic rationality and the principles of business management, evidence abounds of the prevalence of seniority as the criterion most used. In an attempt to explain this apparent contradiction it is hypothesised that, in many cases, management is obliged to utilise seniority because the costs of insisting upon merit are too high. These costs, in turn, are claimed to result from three factors: the difficulties of measuring merit, workers' attachment to the seniority principle and external constraints on having merit predominate. Evidence from a variety of case studies is presented in support of the hypothesis.

Technology and the Historian

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Crymble
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Digital Humanities ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Scholarly Communication ◽  
Approaches To Teaching ◽  
The World ◽  
Digital Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

After nearly a decade of scholars trying to define digital work, this book makes the case for a need instead to understand the history of technology’s relationship with historical studies. It does so through a series of case studies that show some of the many ways that technology and historians have come together around the world and over the decades. Often left out of the historiography, the digital age has been transformative for historians, touching on research agendas, approaches to teaching and learning, scholarly communication, and the nature of the archive itself. Bringing together histories and philosophies of the field, with a genre of works including private papers, Web archives, social media, and oral histories, this book lets the reader see the digital traces of the field as it developed. Importantly, it separates issues relevant to historians from activities under the purview of the much broader ‘digital humanities’ movement, in which historians’ voices are often drowned out by louder and more numerous literary scholars. To allow for flexible reading, each chapter tackles the history of a specific key theme, from research, to communication, to teaching. It argues that only by knowing their field’s own past can historians put technology to its best uses in the future.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Agnes Cornell ◽  
Jørgen Møller ◽  
Svend-Erik Skaaning
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Party Institutionalization ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Many ◽  
Western Democracies ◽  
Civil Societies

Against the backdrop of the economic crisis that began in 2008 and the rise of populist parties, a new body of research has used interwar political developments to warn that even long-established Western democracies are fragile. We challenge this interwar analogy based on the fact that a relatively large number of interwar democracies were able to survive the recurrent crises of the 1920s and 1930s. The main aim of this book is to understand the striking resilience of these democracies, and how they differed from the many democracies that broke down in the same period. Previous theoretical accounts, which can be divided into structuralist, elitist, associational, and performance-based perspectives, do not adequately explain this variation. We advance an explanation that nests an associational perspective in a structuralist perspective. The model centres on democratic legacies and strong associational landscapes (i.e. vibrant civil societies and party institutionalization). These factors are rooted in a set of structural conditions associated with socio-economic development and state- and nation-building processes. Our empirical strategy consists of a combination of systematic comparisons of all interwar democratic spells and in-depth case-studies.

scholarly journals Case Study as a Research Method for Analyzing MOOCs

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramón Montes-Rodríguez ◽  
Juan Bautista Martínez-Rodríguez ◽  
Almudena Ocaña-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Study Methodology ◽  
The Many

Educational research is one of the many fields of knowledge that frequently use case studies as a research method, particularly when applying an interpretive approach. Based on literature reviews and a systematic analysis of current scientific literature, this paper examines the prevalence and characteristics of the case study as a methodology for research on MOOCs. Ninety-two documents were selected from the search results returned by two of the most prestigious scientific databases: Web of Science (WOS) and SCOPUS. Findings showed that (a) even when searching solely for case studies, quantitative research paradigms were more prevalent than interpretive approaches; (b) geographical distribution of these studies was partially biased; (c) case studies were less prevalent in these databases than other empirical investigations on MOOCs; (d) the data collection and data analysis methods most frequently used in the case studies were more aligned with a quantitative approach; and (e) there is still very little instructor-focused research using this methodology. In the light of these findings and their discussion, future directions for research using case study methodology are proposed, given the potential of this method to illustrate certain issues for which other approaches have proved inadequate or insufficient.

scholarly journals Integrating Institutional Policies and Leadership for 21st Century Internationalization

2015 ◽  
pp. 5-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K Hudzik
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Recent Case ◽  
Institutional Policies ◽  
Institutional Strategies ◽  
The Many

As internationalization becomes more strategic and comprehensive, institutional support has to migrate from individualistic and idiosyncratic motivations that engage the few to more institutionalized and integrated forms of encouragement to engage the many.  Based on experience and recent case studies, this article identifies four key integrated institutional strategies needed to support wider and deeper internationalization.

Are Twentieth-Century Marine Conservation Conventions Adaptable to Twenty-First Century Goals and Principles?: Part I

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Birnie
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
First Century ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Environment And Development ◽  
Broad Interpretation ◽  
The Many

AbstractTreaties, especially those concluded before UNCLOS and the United Nations Conferences on the Human Environment and on Environment and Development are having to find ways of responding to the many new principles and concepts developed through the conventions, declarations and action plans formulated by these processes, inter alia. Different treaties are responding in different ways-by renegotiation, by amending protocols; or by broad interpretation of existing terms to take account of the new approaches. This article examines the relevant law and practice, especially concerning the powers of organs established by treaty to interpret their constitutive conventions in the absence of dispute settlement procedures. Part 2 provides some case studies of problems emerging, notably in the International Whaling Commission and the Conference of the Parties to the London (Dumping) Convention.

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