Baire space and second category extensions

This work studied the production of mead using second category honey and the immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in sodium alginate, with concentrations of 2% and 4%, and their reuse in five successive fermentations. The immobilized cells with 4% alginate beads were mechanically more stable and able to allow a greater number of reuses, making the process more economical. The fermentation’s consumption of sugars with free cells (control) and immobilized cells showed a similar profile, being completed close to 72 h, while the first use of immobilized cells finished at 96 h. The immobilized cells did not significantly influence some oenological parameters, such as the yield of the consumed sugars/ethanol, the alcohol content, the pH and the total acidity. There was a slight increase in the volatile acidity and a decrease in the production of SO2. The alginate concentrations did not significantly influence either the parameters used to monitor the fermentation process or the characteristics of the mead. Mead fermentations with immobilized cells showed the release of cells into the wort due to the disintegration of the beads, indicating that the matrix used for the yeast’s immobilization should be optimized, considering the mead production medium.

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Preimages of Residual Sets of Continuous Functions under Operation of Superposition

Georgian Mathematical Journal ◽

10.1515/gmj.2005.763 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 763-768

Author(s):

Artur Wachowicz

Keyword(s):

Banach Space ◽

Continuous Functions ◽

Real Functions ◽

Second Category ◽

Residual Sets

Abstract Let 𝐶 = 𝐶[0, 1] denote the Banach space of continuous real functions on [0, 1] with the sup norm and let 𝐶* denote the topological subspace of 𝐶 consisting of functions with values in [0, 1]. We investigate the preimages of residual sets in 𝐶 under the operation of superposition Φ : 𝐶 × 𝐶* → 𝐶, Φ(𝑓, 𝑔) = 𝑓 ○ 𝑔. Their behaviour can be different. We show examples when the preimages of residual sets are nonresidual of second category, or even nowhere dense, and examples when the preimages of nontrivial residual sets are residual.

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Assessment of Tandem Venturi on Enhancement of Cavitational Chemical Reaction

Journal of Fluids Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.3026731 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 131 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hoseyn Sayyaadi

Keyword(s):

Chemical Reaction ◽

Oxidation Process ◽

Flow Characteristics ◽

Chemical Oxidation ◽

Cavitation Number ◽

Cavitating Flow ◽

Hydrodynamic Cavitation ◽

Operating Pressure ◽

Local Pressures ◽

Second Category

The collapsing phenomenon of cavitation bubbles generates extremely high local pressures and temperatures that can be utilized for the chemical oxidation process. This process is carried out in cavitation reactors. A Venturi tube is one of the most common forms of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors, which is suitable for industrial scale applications. In this work, the hydraulic performance and efficiency in chemical reaction of a new form of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors, which is called “tandem Venturi,” were studied and compared with the conventional type of the single Venturi. The tandem Venturi is used for enhancement of the chemical reaction of hydrodynamic cavitating flow. The reaction enhancement is useful especially for the reaction of aqueous solutions not containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The operating pressure, inlet pressure, flow rate, and consequently the cavitation number were controlled and systematically varied for both single and tandem Venturis. Moreover, a specified amount of H2O2 was injected into the flow as required. The effects of operating pressure and the cavitation number on cavitating flow characteristics for single and tandem Venturis were experimentally observed and the results were compared. In addition, the performance of the tandem-Venturi reactor for degradation of non-VOC contaminants (2-chlorophenol) was studied. Its performance was compared with the performance of a conventional Venturi reactor. Two different categories were conducted for the experiments. In the first category, the effect of the net cavitating flow on degradation of non-VOC for the single and tandem Venturis was compared. In the second category, the effect of H2O2 injection into the cavitating flow on degradation of non-VOC (“cavitation-oxidation” process) was studied. The performance of the single and tandem Venturis for the cavitation-oxidation process was compared. Further investigation was performed to assess the advantage of utilizing the tandem Venturi from the viewpoint of efficiency of the oxidation process. The results of the energy efficiency were compared with the corresponding efficiency of the single Venturi. Finally, the relationship between the main parameters of cavitation reaction flow with the chemical performance was discussed.

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Innovation in the Seed Market: The Role of IPRs and Commercialization Rules

Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization ◽

10.1515/jafio-2015-0002 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Marc Baudry ◽

Adrien Hervouet

Keyword(s):

Product Differentiation ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Vertical Product Differentiation ◽

Legal Rules ◽

Sequential Innovation ◽

Seed Market ◽

Second Category ◽

The Impact ◽

Compulsory Registration

AbstractThis article deals with the impact of legal rules on incentives in the seeds sector to create new plant varieties. The first category of rules consists in intellectual property rights and is intended to address a problem of sequential innovation and R&D effort. The second category concerns commercial rules that are intended to correct a problem of adverse selection. We propose a dynamic model of market equilibrium with vertical product differentiation that enables us to take into account the economic consequences of imposing either Plant Breeders’ Rights (PBRs) or patents as IPRs and either compulsory registration in a catalog or minimum standards as commercialization rules. The main result is that the combination of catalog registration and PBRs adopted in Europe is hardly supported by the model calibrated on data for wheat in France.

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Histochemical and Morphological Studies of Lipids in the Oogenesis of Pheretima posthuma

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.s3-99.48.475 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol s3-99 (48) ◽

pp. 475-484

Author(s):

VISHWA NATH ◽

BRIJ L. GUPTA ◽

S. L. MANOCHA

Keyword(s):

Phase Contrast ◽

Chemical Change ◽

Follicular Epithelium ◽

Cholesteryl Esters ◽

Lipid Bodies ◽

Interference Microscope ◽

Phase Contrast Microscope ◽

Morphological Studies ◽

Contrast Microscope ◽

Second Category

A study of the oocytes of the earthworm, Pheretima posthuma, examined fresh under the phase-contrast and interference microscopes as well as by histochemical techniques, has revealed that there are two types of lipid bodies in the cytoplasm. The lipid bodies of the first type (L1) are smaller, appear as homogeneous, dark granules under the phase-contrast microscope, and have a protein-phospholipid core surrounded by a thick sheath of phospholipids only. The lipid bodies of the second category (L2), which arise as a result of growth and chemical change in L1 bodies, have a pure phospholipid core surrounded by a thick triglyceride sheath. They give a ringed appearance under the phase-contrast microscope. The study under the interference microscope shows that this ringed appearance is an optical artifact. The lipid spheres present in the follicular epithelium contain phospholipids only. The mitochondria are in the form of minute granules. They remain unchanged throughout oogenesis. Some vacuoles devoid of any lipids, proteins, or carbohydrates have been observed. They also remain unchanged. Pure triglyceride spheres, yolk globules, nucleolar extrusions, as well as cholesterols and cholesteryl esters are absent.

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Study of Contro-vercial Aspect of Cleome viscosa, Linn. and Gynandropsis gynandra, Linn. â€“ A literary Review

National Journal of Research in Ayurved Science ◽

10.52482/ayurlog.v7i05.385 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (05) ◽

Author(s):

Sharavati Goroba Kamble

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Bacopa Monnieri ◽

Single Plant ◽

Classical Text ◽

Clitoria Ternatea ◽

Gynandropsis Gynandra ◽

Second Category ◽

Cleome Viscosa

Controversy in identification of medicinal plants has been a problem since ages. When we refer the classical text like Caraka Samhita, it becomes important to know the exact medicinal plant mentioned in the formulation or treatment. The controversy regarding a plant is found to be of two types mainly. Single classical plant having multiple botanical identities eg. Parpata, Rasna, Amlavetasa, Bharangi, Pasanabheda Botanically identified single plant with multiple classical identities eg. Bacopa monnieri, Clitoria ternatea The plants of this study fall under second category. The plants C.viscosa, Linn. and G.gynandra, Linn. are having multiple classical identities like Ajagandha, Tilaparni, Suvarcala, Brahmasuvarcala and Adityabhakta. An effort is made to resolve the controversy by comparing the information of these plants from classical Ayurvedic texts and Modern texts in this article. Method: Compilation of all the data from Literature Comparision of classical data with viscosa and G.gynandra characteristics Conclusion is made on the basis of observations Observation and Conclusion: Comparisons of all the above discussed classical plants with Cloeme viscosa, Linn. and Gynandropsis gynandra, Linn. shows Ajagandha being similar to Gynandropsis and Tilaparni being similar to Cleome.

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A Quantitative Evaluation of the Multiple Narratives of the Recent Sahelian Regreening*

Weather Climate and Society ◽

10.1175/wcas-d-15-0012.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 67-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Mimi Stith ◽

Alessandra Giannini ◽

John del Corral ◽

Susana Adamo ◽

Alex de Sherbinin

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Population Density ◽

Environmental Change ◽

Burkina Faso ◽

Social Dimensions ◽

Adaptation To Climate Change ◽

Southern Central ◽

Second Category ◽

The Impact

Abstract A spatial analysis is presented that aims to synthesize the evidence for climate and social dimensions of the “regreening” of the Sahel. Using an independently constructed archival database of donor-funded interventions in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Senegal in response to the persistence of drought in the 1970s and 1980s, the spatial distribution of these interventions is examined in relation to population density and to trends in precipitation and in greenness. Three categories of environmental change are classified: 1) regions at the northern grassland/shrubland edge of the Sahel where NDVI varies interannually with precipitation, 2) densely populated cropland regions of the Sahel where significant trends in precipitation and NDVI decouple at interannual time scales, and 3) regions at the southern savanna edge of the Sahel where NDVI variation is independent of precipitation. Examination of the spatial distribution of environmental change, number of development projects, and population density brings to the fore the second category, covering the cropland areas where population density and regreening are higher than average. While few, regions in this category coincide with emerging hotspots of regreening in northern Burkina Faso and southern central Niger known from case study literature. In examining the impact of efforts to rejuvenate the Sahelian environment and livelihoods in the aftermath of the droughts of the 1970s and 1980s against the backdrop of a varying and uncertain climate, the transition from desertification to regreening discourses is framed in the context of adaptation to climate change.

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Performance of soft clay stabilized with sand columns treated by silica fume

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201816201007 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 162 ◽

pp. 01007

Author(s):

Zeena Samueel ◽

Hussein Karim ◽

Mohammed Mohammed

Keyword(s):

Silica Fume ◽

Carrying Capacity ◽

Construction Projects ◽

Ground Improvement ◽

Soft Clay ◽

Road Construction ◽

Reduction Ratio ◽

Area Replacement Ratio ◽

Second Category ◽

Improvement Ratio

In many road construction projects, if weak soil exists, then uncontrollable settlement and critical load carrying capacity are major difficult problems to the safety and serviceability of roads in these areas. Thus ground improvement is essential to achieve the required level of performance. The paper presents results of the tests of four categories. First category was performed on saturated soft bed of clay without any treatment, the second category shed light on the improvement achieved in loading carrying capacity and settlement as a result of reinforcing with conventional sand columns at area replacement ratio = 0.196. The third set investigates the bed reinforced by sand columns stabilized with dry silica fume at different percentages (3, 5 and 7%) and the fourth set investigates the behavior of sand columns treated with slurry silica fume at two percentages (10 and 12%). All sand columns models were constructed at (R.D= 60%). Model tests were performed on bed of saturated soil prepared at undrained shear strength between 16-20 kPa for all models. For all cases, the model test was loaded gradually by stress increments up to failure. Stress deformation measurements are recorded and analyzed in terms of bearing improvement ratio and settlement reduction ratio. Optimum results were indicated from soil treated with sand columns stabilized with 7% dry silica fume at medium state reflecting the highest bearing improvement ratio (3.04) and the settlement reduction ratio (0.09) after 7 days curing. While soil treated with sand columns stabilized with 10% slurry silica fume provided higher bearing improvement ratio 3.13 with lower settlement reduction ratio of 0.57 after 7-days curing.

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Library Resources for the History of Science in Newcastle Upon Tyne

The British Journal for the History of Science ◽

10.1017/s000708740001935x ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 281-284

Author(s):

W. A. Campbell

Keyword(s):

History Of Science ◽

Electrical Engineering ◽

Local History ◽

Cultural Institutions ◽

Library Resources ◽

History Of ◽

Second Category ◽

Near Future ◽

The Town ◽

Newcastle Upon Tyne

Science historians need two major kinds of literary resources, old books, journals, patents, plans and other documents from which to quarry their facts, and critical tools such as histories of science, bibliographies and biographies. Provision of the second category needs positive planning; the first is often itself an accident of local history. Among the factors which have shaped Newcastle upon Tyne may be numbered a Roman river crossing, a Norman castle, mediaeval walls, powerful charters granted by Tudor and Stuart monarchs, a favourable site in a coalfield, and a phenomenal succession of inventive entrepreneurs in mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, and mechanical and electrical engineering. Its scientific and cultural institutions (see Table) are of respectable maturity, and in addition the town possessed by 1815 several chapel and meeting-house libraries, a newsroom and subscription library in the Assembly Rooms together with three circulating libraries run by prominent booksellers. Present resources are concentrated in six organizations, with two more in the near future.

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Up, Up Jesus! Down, Down Satan! African Religiosity in the former Soviet Bloc — the Embassy of the Blessed Kingdom of God for All Nations

Exchange ◽

10.1163/157254308x312009 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 310-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Afe Adogame

Keyword(s):

African Immigrants ◽

Kingdom Of God ◽

Ethnic Composition ◽

Soviet Bloc ◽

Cultural Contexts ◽

African Religions ◽

African Churches ◽

Second Category ◽

The Church ◽

Back To Africa

AbstractAfrican religions are increasingly engaging the diaspora as new abodes and promising 'mission fields' particularly in the last decades. At least two genres of Christian movements can be clearly mapped: those existing as branches of mother churches headquartered in Africa; and those founded by new African immigrants with headquarters in diaspora, from where they are expanding within and back to Africa and elsewhere. The paper deals with an example of the second category, the Embassy of the Blessed Kingdom of God for All Nations founded in Ukraine by Nigerian-born Sunday Adelaja. While virtually all new African churches in diaspora seem to be dominated by African immigrants, the 'Embassy of God' is an exception with a non-African membership majority. We map its demography and social-ethnic composition, and examine to what extent their belief and ritual system appeal to a population that was until recently home to essentially communist ideas and worldview. We explore how the church is gradually inserting itself in new geo-cultural contexts as well as reconfiguring public roles. It shows how the leader's complex peregrinations demonstrate one instance of religious transnationalization of African churches in diaspora.

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