Individual differences that affect the way students approach learning

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald R. Schmeck ◽  
Elke Geisler-Brenstein
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
The Way

Cognitive Reflection Effects on Time Discounting

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Białek ◽  
Przemysław Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Time Discounting ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
The Way

Abstract. In this work, we investigated individual differences in cognitive reflection effects on delay discounting – a preference for smaller sooner over larger later payoff. People are claimed to prefer more these alternatives they considered first – so-called reference point – over the alternatives they considered later. Cognitive reflection affects the way individuals process information, with less reflective individuals relying predominantly on the first information they consider, thus, being more susceptible to reference points as compared to more reflective individuals. In Experiment 1, we confirmed that individuals who scored high on the Cognitive Reflection Test discount less strongly than less reflective individuals, but we also show that such individuals are less susceptible to imposed reference points. Experiment 2 replicated these findings additionally providing evidence that cognitive reflection predicts discounting strength and (in)dependency to reference points over and above individual difference in numeracy.

Ubiquitous Connectivity & Work-Related Stress

2011 ◽  
pp. 167-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ramsay ◽  
M. Hair ◽  
K. V. Renaud
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Workplace Stressors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
E Mail ◽  
The Way

The way humans interact with one another in the 21st Century has been markedly influenced by the integration of a number of different communication technologies into everyday life, and the pace of communication has increased hugely over the past twenty-five years. This chapter introduces work by the authors that considers the ways one communication-based technology, namely e-mail, has impacted workers’ “thinking time”, and become both a “workplace stressor” and an indispensable communications tool. Our research involved both a longitudinal exploration (three months) of the daily e-mail interactions of a number of workers, and a survey of individuals’ perceptions of how e-mail influences their communication behaviour in general, and their work-related communication in particular. Initial findings, in the form of individual differences, are reported here. The findings are presented in relation to the way workplace stressors have changed over the past quarter century.

scholarly journals Social Interaction Processes and Personality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitja Back
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Interaction Processes ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
The Way

Social interactions are one of the most relevant contexts of our lives and they are intimately connected to the conceptualization, dynamics, development, and consequences of personality. In this chapter, I will first analyze the way social interactions unfold via interaction states of all interaction partners and describe how people differ in social interaction processes. Following the PERSOC model, I will argue that these individual differences are a key window to understanding the nature of some of the most popular personality traits (e.g., extraversion, dominance, shyness, agreeableness, narcissism), as well as their effects on and development in social relationships. Empirical research on individual differences in interaction state levels, contingencies, and fluctuations is summarized. In closing, I describe a couple of current limitations, and outline perspectives for understanding and assessing personality traits as dynamic social interaction systems.

Dynamic Networking by Entrepreneurs

2019 ◽  
pp. 155-175
Author(s):  
Tom Elfring ◽  
Willem Hulsink
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Critical Events ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Oriented Response ◽  
Network Connections ◽  
Resource Requirements ◽  
Challenging Environment ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way ◽  
Entrepreneurial Networking

Entrepreneurs are active networkers; network connections change over time, new contacts are added, and others are dropped. Entrepreneurial networking is an integral part of entrepreneurial processes and can be a strategic and goal-oriented response to resource requirements; it can also be effectual and driven by an individual and collective desire to meet and interact. This chapter examines how entrepreneurs change their network and use a variety of actions and strategies to engage with friends, family, partners, and strangers. Although entrepreneurial networking in part is driven by critical events and crises as triggers, individual differences in motivation and ability also affect the way entrepreneurs respond and use networking in an uncertain and challenging environment.

A Novel Approach Towards Aesthetic Judgment

2019 ◽  
pp. 452-468
Author(s):  
Patrik N. Juslin
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Aesthetic Judgment ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Psychological Model ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Judgment Process ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
The Way ◽  
Aesthetic Judgments

This chapter considers a more complete description of the judgment process, in order to pave the way for the explanation of how aesthetic judgments may produce both preferences and emotional states. It proposes a novel approach that takes philosophical aesthetics as its point of departure — but that adopts a descriptive (as opposed to normative) and empirical (as opposed to speculative) perspective, and that takes individual differences explicitly into consideration, instead of ignoring them. A preliminary psychological model is needed to guide the exploration. Aesthetic judgment is regarded as one of the psychological mechanisms through which music may arouse emotions. Thus, before describing the model, the chapter situates the mechanism within the broader BRECVEMA framework.

scholarly journals From Description to Explanation: Integrating Across Multiple Levels of Analysis to Inform Neuroscientific Accounts of Dimensional Personality Pathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 650-676
Author(s):  
Timothy A. Allen ◽  
Alison M. Schreiber ◽  
Nathan T. Hall ◽  
Michael N. Hallquist
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Psychiatric Nosology ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Way

Dimensional approaches to psychiatric nosology are rapidly transforming the way researchers and clinicians conceptualize personality pathology, leading to a growing interest in describing how individuals differ from one another. Yet, in order to successfully prevent and treat personality pathology, it is also necessary to explain the sources of these individual differences. The emerging field of personality neuroscience is well-positioned to guide the transition from description to explanation within personality pathology research. However, establishing comprehensive, mechanistic accounts of personality pathology will require personality neuroscientists to move beyond atheoretical studies that link trait differences to neural correlates without considering the algorithmic processes that are carried out by those correlates. We highlight some of the dangers we see in overpopulating personality neuroscience with brain-trait associational studies and offer a series of recommendations for personality neuroscientists seeking to build explanatory theories of personality pathology.

scholarly journals Reasoning supports forgiving accidental harms

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indrajeet Patil ◽  
Bastien Trémolière
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
The Way

AbstractPeople experience a strong conflict while evaluating actors who unintentionally harmed someone—her innocent intention exonerating her, while the harmful outcome incriminating her. Different people solve this conflict differently, suggesting the presence of dispositional moderators of the way the conflict is processed. In the present research, we explore how reasoning ability and cognitive style relate to how people choose to resolve this conflict and judge accidental harms. We conducted three studies in which we utilized varied reasoning measures and populations. The results showed that individual differences in reasoning ability and cognitive style predicted severity of judgments in fictitious accidental harms scenarios, with better reasoners being less harsh in their judgments. Internal meta-analysis confirmed that this effect was robust only for accidental harms. We discuss the importance of individual differences in reasoning ability in the assessment of accidental harms.

Studies in Creativity: II. Influence of Motivation in the Reorganization of Experience

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman R. F. Maier ◽  
Ronald J. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
Motivational Change ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Motivational Changes ◽  
The Way

Individuals differ in the way they store and utilize information. Some tend to retain associative bonds (using combinations previously associated); others tend to fragment the paired elements; and still others violate associative bonds by regrouping the elements. The major objective of this study was to determine whether the individual differences were due to differences in ability or in preference. Since preferences are readily altered by motivational changes, Ss were told that they would not be given credit when information units were reproduced as learned but that credit would be given if the learned elements were either used individually (fragmented) or regrouped (reorganized). The result of this altered motivation was a decrease in the use of previously paired elements and an increase in fragmented elements. However, reorganization of elements did not increase. It is concluded that the differences people show in the reorganization of learned information are primarily due to variations in ability rather than in preferences. The fact that some individuals still continue to use associative bonds, despite the motivational change, also indicates basic differences in ability.

scholarly journals When are inter-individual brain-behavior correlations informative?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maël Lebreton ◽  
Stefano Palminteri
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Societal Factors ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Analytical Strategies ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
Statistical Relationships ◽  
The Way

AbstractCharacterizing inter-individual differences induced by clinical and social factors constitutes one of the most promising applications of neuroimaging. Paving the way for such applications, neuroimaging studies often report between-group differences in “activations” or correlations between such “activations” and individual traits. Here we raise cautionary warnings about some of those inter-individual analytic strategies. These warnings become critical when measures of “activations” are unstandardized coefficients of regressions between BOLD signal and individual behavior.First, using simple algebraic derivations, we show how inter-individual differences results can spuriously arise from neglecting the statistical relationships which link the ranges of individual BOLD activation and of recorded behavior. We also demonstrate how apparently contradictory results and interpretations may simply arise from the interaction of this scaling issue and the pre-processing of the behavioral variables. Second, using computational simulations, we illustrate how this issue percolates the booming field of model-based fMRI. Finally, we outline a set of recommendations, which might prove useful for researcher and reviewers confronted with questions involving inter-individual differences in neuroimaging.Author SummaryCharacterizing inter-individual differences induced by clinical and societal factors constitutes one of the most promising applications of neuroimaging. Paving the way for such applications, an increasing fraction of neuroimaging studies reports between-group differences in “activations” or correlations between “activations” and individual traits. In this manuscript, we focus on the typical analytical strategies employed in studies investigating how differences in behavior between individuals or groups of individuals are translated to differences of activations in specific brain regions. We notably question whether they are suitable to support inferences and claims about the neural underpinnings of differential cognition. Our core results demonstrate that typical inter-individual results can spuriously arise by overlooking plausible statistical relationships that link the ranges of individual BOLD activation with the ranges of produced behavior. We argue that these results challenge current classical interpretations of inter-individual results. Highlighting the methodological and theoretical gaps regarding the analysis and interpretation of inter-individual differences is fundamental to fulfilling the promises of neuroimaging.

A Multidimensional View of the Relationship Between Empathy and the Dark Triad

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K. Jonason ◽  
Christopher H. Kroll
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
German Sample ◽  
Multidimensional Measure ◽  
Empathy Deficits ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

The Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) are linked to individual differences in empathy, but what we know about these connections is limited to unidimensional or bidimensional conceptualizations of empathy and to English-speaking samples. Hence, we replicated and extended previous research by applying a multidimensional measure of empathy to the study of how empathy is linked to the Dark Triad in a German sample (N = 516). By doing so, we provided more detail about the way the Dark Triad traits are linked to individual differences in empathy in a unique sample. Narcissism was linked to empathy skills whereas psychopathy was linked to empathy deficits. The Dark Triad traits were stronger in men than in women, while women showed more empathic abilities. The sex differences in the Dark Triad traits were mediated by empathy. We also showed that the paths to empathy in the sexes differ in terms of quantity and quality. We discuss our results from an evolutionary perspective.

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