Anaerobes: Antibiotic resistance, clinical significance, and the role of susceptibility testing

Anaerobe ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Hecht
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Susceptibility Testing

Questions on the role of biofilms for the adaptation of microorganisms to unfavorable environmental factors by the example of P. aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-383
Author(s):  
Vasily N. Afonyushkin ◽  
N. A. Donchenko ◽  
Ju. N. Kozlova ◽  
N. A. Davidova ◽  
V. Yu. Koptev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
The Face

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widely represented species of bacteria possessing of a pathogenic potential. This infectious agent is causing wound infections, fibrotic cystitis, fibrosing pneumonia, bacterial sepsis, etc. The microorganism is highly resistant to antiseptics, disinfectants, immune system responses of the body. The responses of a quorum sense of this kind of bacteria ensure the inclusion of many pathogenicity factors. The analysis of the scientific literature made it possible to formulate four questions concerning the role of biofilms for the adaptation of P. aeruginosa to adverse environmental factors: Is another person appears to be predominantly of a source an etiological agent or the source of P. aeruginosa infection in the environment? Does the formation of biofilms influence on the antibiotic resistance? How the antagonistic activity of microorganisms is realized in biofilm form? What is the main function of biofilms in the functioning of bacteria? A hypothesis has been put forward the effect of biofilms on the increase of antibiotic resistance of bacteria and, in particular, P. aeruginosa to be secondary in charcter. It is more likely a biofilmboth to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and provide topical competition in the face of food scarcity. In connection with the incompatibility of the molecular radii of most antibiotics and pores in biofilm, biofilm is doubtful to be capable of performing a barrier function for protecting against antibiotics. However, with respect to antibodies and immunocompetent cells, the barrier function is beyond doubt. The biofilm is more likely to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and providing topical competition in conditions of scarcity of food resources.

Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 46-59
Author(s):  
A.G. Salmanov ◽  
O.M. Verner ◽  
L.F. Slepova
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Immunocompromised Host ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infections ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Major Clinical Problem

Species of the Acinetobacter represent opportunistic bacteria with a growing clinical significance for Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). In this literature review, we focus on the current role of Acinetobacter in infectious pathology and describe taxonomy, pathogenicity, and antibiotic resistance of these bacteria. Pathogenesis and regulation of virulence factors in Acinetobacter spp. are described in detail. The majority of acinetobacterial infections are associated with A. baumannii and occur predominantly in an immunocompromised host. Usually, acinetobacterial  infections  are characterized by local purulent inflammation; in severe cases, meningitis and sepsis may develop. Antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter is a major clinical problem; therefore we give special attention to laboratory testing of resistance to antibiotics as well as identification of Acinetobacter.

scholarly journals Expanding U.S. Laboratory Capacity for Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Whole-Genome Sequencing through the CDC's Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen N. Kersh ◽  
Cau D. Pham ◽  
John R. Papp ◽  
Robert Myers ◽  
Richard Steece ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Laboratory Capacity

ABSTRACT U.S. gonorrhea rates are rising, and antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (AR-Ng) is an urgent public health threat. Since implementation of nucleic acid amplification tests for N. gonorrhoeae identification, the capacity for culturing N. gonorrhoeae in the United States has declined, along with the ability to perform culture-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Yet AST is critical for detecting and monitoring AR-Ng. In 2016, the CDC established the Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory Network (AR Lab Network) to shore up the national capacity for detecting several resistance threats including N. gonorrhoeae. AR-Ng testing, a subactivity of the CDC’s AR Lab Network, is performed in a tiered network of approximately 35 local laboratories, four regional laboratories (state public health laboratories in Maryland, Tennessee, Texas, and Washington), and the CDC’s national reference laboratory. Local laboratories receive specimens from approximately 60 clinics associated with the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), enhanced GISP (eGISP), and the program Strengthening the U.S. Response to Resistant Gonorrhea (SURRG). They isolate and ship up to 20,000 isolates to regional laboratories for culture-based agar dilution AST with seven antibiotics and for whole-genome sequencing of up to 5,000 isolates. The CDC further examines concerning isolates and monitors genetic AR markers. During 2017 and 2018, the network tested 8,214 and 8,628 N. gonorrhoeae isolates, respectively, and the CDC received 531 and 646 concerning isolates and 605 and 3,159 sequences, respectively. In summary, the AR Lab Network supported the laboratory capacity for N. gonorrhoeae AST and associated genetic marker detection, expanding preexisting notification and analysis systems for resistance detection. Continued, robust AST and genomic capacity can help inform national public health monitoring and intervention.

scholarly journals Antimicrobials and Food-Related Stresses as Selective Factors for Antibiotic Resistance along the Farm to Fork Continuum

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Federica Giacometti ◽  
Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski ◽  
Susana Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Real Risk ◽  
Cross Adaptation ◽  
Novel Approaches

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem and there has been growing concern associated with its widespread along the animal–human–environment interface. The farm-to-fork continuum was highlighted as a possible reservoir of AMR, and a hotspot for the emergence and spread of AMR. However, the extent of the role of non-antibiotic antimicrobials and other food-related stresses as selective factors is still in need of clarification. This review addresses the use of non-antibiotic stressors, such as antimicrobials, food-processing treatments, or even novel approaches to ensure food safety, as potential drivers for resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. The co-selection and cross-adaptation events are covered, which may induce a decreased susceptibility of foodborne bacteria to antibiotics. Although the available studies address the complexity involved in these phenomena, further studies are needed to help better understand the real risk of using food-chain-related stressors, and possibly to allow the establishment of early warnings of potential resistance mechanisms.

scholarly journals Radiological Anatomy of Stomach and Duodenum with Clinical Significance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zainab Vora ◽  
Ankur Goyal ◽  
Raju Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Normal Anatomy ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Radiological Anatomy ◽  
Current Role ◽  
Accurate Imaging

AbstractAnatomy is the key to accurate imaging interpretation. It is essential for radiologists to thoroughly understand the normal anatomy and spatial relationships of the stomach and duodenum to accurately localize the site of abnormality. In this article, we describe in detail the gross and applied radiological anatomy of the stomach and duodenum, and the current role of various radiological investigations (including barium studies, endoscopic ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging) in the evaluation of the diseases involving the stomach and duodenum.

scholarly journals The Emerging Terbinafine-Resistant Trichophyton Epidemic: What Is the Role of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing?

Dermatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Julia J. Shen ◽  
Maiken C. Arendrup ◽  
Shyam Verma ◽  
Ditte Marie L. Saunte
Keyword(s):  
Gene Mutation ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Squalene Epoxidase ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Huge Variation

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Dermatophytosis is commonly encountered in the dermatological clinics. The main aetiological agents in dermatophytosis of skin and nails in humans are <i>Trichophyton</i> (<i>T</i>.) <i>rubrum</i>, <i>T. mentagrophytes</i> and <i>T. interdigitale</i> (former <i>T. mentagrophytes-</i>complex). Terbinafine therapy is usually effective in eradicating infections due to these species by inhibiting their squalene epoxidase (SQLE) enzyme, but increasing numbers of clinically resistant cases and mutations in the SQLE gene have been documented recently. Resistance to antimycotics is phenotypically determined by antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST). However, AFST is not routinely performed for dermatophytes and no breakpoints classifying isolates as susceptible or resistant are available, making it difficult to interpret the clinical impact of a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). <b><i>Summary:</i></b> PubMed was systematically searched for terbinafine susceptibility testing of dermatophytes on October 20, 2020, by two individual researchers. The inclusion criteria were <i>in vitro</i> terbinafine susceptibility testing of <i>Trichophyton (T.) rubrum</i>, <i>T. mentagrophytes</i> and <i>T. interdigitale</i> with the broth microdilution technique. The exclusion criteria were non-English written papers. Outcomes were reported as MIC range, geometric mean, modal MIC and MIC<sub>50</sub> and MIC<sub>90</sub> in which 50 or 90% of isolates were inhibited, respectively. The reported MICs ranged from &#x3c;0.001 to &#x3e;64 mg/L. The huge variation in MIC is partly explained by the heterogeneity of the <i>Trichophyton</i> isolates, where some originated from routine specimens (wild types) whereas others came from non-responding patients with a known SQLE gene mutation. Another reason for the great variation in MIC is the use of different AFST methods where MIC values are not directly comparable. High MICs were reported particularly in isolates with SQLE gene mutation. The following SQLE alterations were reported: F397L, L393F, L393S, H440Y, F393I, F393V, F415I, F415S, F415V, S443P, A448T, L335F/A448T, S395P/A448T, L393S/A448T, Q408L/A448T, F397L/A448T, I121M/V237I and H440Y/F484Y in terbinafine-resistant isolates.

scholarly journals Role of porins in intrinsic antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas cepacia.

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
T R Parr ◽  
R A Moore ◽  
L V Moore ◽  
R E Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pseudomonas Cepacia

scholarly journals Az ösztrogénmetabolom biológiai és klinikai jelentősége lokális folyamatokban

2017 ◽  
Vol 158 (24) ◽  
pp. 929-937
Author(s):  
Krisztián Kovács ◽  
Barna Vásárhelyi ◽  
Katalin Mészáros ◽  
Attila Patócs ◽  
Gellért Karvaly
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Breakdown Process ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Related Compounds

Abstract: Considerable knowledge has been gathered on the physiological role of estrogens. However, fairly little information is available on the role of compounds produced in the breakdown process of estrone and estradiol wich may play a role in various diseases associated with estrogen impact. To date, approximately 15 extragonadal estrogen-related compounds have been identified. These metabolites may exert protective, or, instead, pro-inflammatory and/or pro-oncogenic activity in a tissue-specific manner. Systemic and local estrogen metabolite levels are not necesserily correlated, which may promote the diagnostic significance of the locally produced estrogen metabolites in the future. The aim of the present study is a bibliographic review of the extragonadal metabolome in peripheral tissues, and to highlight the role of the peripheral tissue homeostasis of estrogens as well as the non-hormonal biological activity and clinical significance of the estrogen metabolome. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(24): 929–937.

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