Advancements in medium and high resolution Earth observation for land-surface imaging: Evolutions, future trends and contributions to sustainable development

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yashon O. Ouma
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Surface Imaging ◽  
Future Trends

The Copernicus Sentinel Fleet: Health check of Planet Earth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon L. G. Jutz
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Space Infrastructure ◽  
Data Continuity

<p>The EU Copernicus programme, with seven Sentinel satellites in orbit and further missions planned, delivers terabytes of accurate climate and environmental data every day, and can therefore arguably considered the biggest provider of Earth Observation data world-wide.</p><p>Copernicus Sentinel data and information are made available globally, in a full, free and open policy, through data hubs managed by ESA. Also, since mid-2018, the DIAS (Data and Information Access Service) initiative has allowed several commercial consortia to set up platforms which provide access to Copernicus data far easier in order to boost the creation of new business models based on Earth Observation.</p><p>Copernicus data is already used by thousands of entities world-wide to help farmers decide when to plant or harvest, to mitigate the erosion of our coasts, to fight deforestation, to detect and monitor oil spills, forest fires, harmful algae, measure wave heights, wind speeds and sea ice, among many other applications.</p><p>ESA, as coordinator and system architect of the Copernicus Space Component, ensures that the current space infrastructure properly evolves to support data continuity and to respond to newly identified user needs.</p><p>In this framework four future observational capability families have been identified, supported by a detailed observation gap analysis:</p><ul><li>Microwave Imaging Family: new missions called CIMR (Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer) to monitor sea surface temperature/salinity and important sea ice parameters in the polar regions, and ROSE-L (L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar) to support land applications (e.g. forest management, crop type discrimination, soil moisture) and polar regions monitoring, are envisaged to be launched in the next decade. Also, continuity with the current Sentinel-1 applications will be guaranteed through the Sentinel-1 Next Generation C-band SAR mission.</li> <li>Optical Imaging family: two new missions are in the making, the LSTM (Copernicus Land Surface Temperature Monitoring) to provide high-resolution thermal observations of land-surface temperature, mainly for agricultural applications, and CHIME (Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission), which will support new and enhanced services for sustainable agricultural and biodiversity management through the provision of routine hyperspectral observations. For data continuity, the Sentinel-2/-3 Next Generation optical missions will provide medium and high-resolution imaging.</li> <li>Topographic Measurement Family: a new mission called CRISTAL (Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography Altimeter) will measure and monitor, among others, sea-ice thickness and overlying snow depth. The Next Generation topographic mission on future Sentinel-3 and Sentinel-6 will complement these observations.</li> <li>Spectroscopic Atmosphere Measurement Family: a satellite constellation of CO2M (Copernicus Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> monitoring) will measure atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by human activity to assess the effectiveness of EU policy measures.</li> </ul><p> </p><p>The Copernicus programme, with some satellites in orbit and many others to arrive in the future, and with thematic services which transform this wealth of data into value-added information available to all citizens, will help us check the health of our planet Earth for the decades to come.</p><p>This presentation will therefore give an overview of the current status and future perspectives of the Copernicus space infrastructure.</p>

High Resolution Low Loss Microscopy of Crystalline Surfaces

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
William Krakow ◽  
Alec N. Broers
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Surface Topography ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Surface Imaging ◽  
Low Loss ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Crystalline Surfaces

Low-loss scanning electron microscopy can be used to investigate the surface topography of solid specimens and provides enhanced image contrast over secondary electron images. A high resolution-condenser objective lens has allowed the low-loss technique to resolve separations of Au nucleii of 50Å and smaller dimensions of 25Å in samples coated with a fine grained carbon-Au-palladium layer. An estimate of the surface topography of fine grained vapor deposited materials (20 - 100Å) and the surface topography of underlying single crystal Si in the 1000 - 2000Å range has also been investigated. Surface imaging has also been performed on single crystals using diffracted electrons scattered through 10−2 rad in a conventional TEM. However, severe tilting of the specimen is required which degrades the resolution 15 to 100 fold due to image forshortening.

Electrical Probing and Surface Imaging of Deep Sub-Micron Integrated Circuits

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Krieg ◽  
Richard Qi ◽  
Douglas Thomson ◽  
Greg Bridges
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Real Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Time Signal ◽  
Surface Imaging ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Submicron Structures ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Capacitive Loading

Abstract A contact probing system for surface imaging and real-time signal measurement of deep sub-micron integrated circuits is discussed. The probe fits on a standard probe-station and utilizes a conductive atomic force microscope tip to rapidly measure the surface topography and acquire real-time highfrequency signals from features as small as 0.18 micron. The micromachined probe structure minimizes parasitic coupling and the probe achieves a bandwidth greater than 3 GHz, with a capacitive loading of less than 120 fF. High-resolution images of submicron structures and waveforms acquired from high-speed devices are presented.

scholarly journals 2nd Edition of Instrumenting Smart City Applications with Big Sensing and Earth Observatory Data: Tools, Methods and Techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1310
Author(s):  
Gabriele Bitelli ◽  
Emanuele Mandanici
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
High Resolution Imagery ◽  
Observatory Data ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Earth Observation Data

The exponential growth in the volume of Earth observation data and the increasing quality and availability of high-resolution imagery are increasingly making more applications possible in urban environments [...]

scholarly journals Assessment of High Resolution Air Temperature Fields at Rocky Mountain National Park by Combining Scarce Point Measurements with Elevation and Remote Sensing Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Antonio-Juan Collados-Lara ◽  
Steven R. Fassnacht ◽  
Eulogio Pardo-Igúzquiza ◽  
David Pulido-Velazquez
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
National Park ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Rocky Mountain National Park ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Lapse Rate ◽  
Validation Experiment

There is necessity of considering air temperature to simulate the hydrology and management within water resources systems. In many cases, a big issue is considering the scarcity of data due to poor accessibility and limited funds. This paper proposes a methodology to obtain high resolution air temperature fields by combining scarce point measurements with elevation data and land surface temperature (LST) data from remote sensing. The available station data (SNOTEL stations) are sparse at Rocky Mountain National Park, necessitating the inclusion of correlated and well-sampled variables to assess the spatial variability of air temperature. Different geostatistical approaches and weighted solutions thereof were employed to obtain air temperature fields. These estimates were compared with two relatively direct solutions, the LST (MODIS) and a lapse rate-based interpolation technique. The methodology was evaluated using data from different seasons. The performance of the techniques was assessed through a cross validation experiment. In both cases, the weighted kriging with external drift solution (considering LST and elevation) showed the best results, with a mean squared error of 3.7 and 3.6 °C2 for the application and validation, respectively.

scholarly journals Quantifying Tree Cover Loss in Urban Forests within Nairobi City Metropolitan Area from Earth Observation Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Francis Oloo ◽  
Godwin Murithi ◽  
Charlynne Jepkosgei
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Urban Forests ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Vegetation Health ◽  
Earth Observation Data

Urban forests contribute significantly to the ecological integrity of urban areas and the quality of life of urban dwellers through air quality control, energy conservation, improving urban hydrology, and regulation of land surface temperatures (LST). However, urban forests are under threat due to human activities, natural calamities, and bioinvasion continually decimating forest cover. Few studies have used fine-scaled Earth observation data to understand the dynamics of tree cover loss in urban forests and the sustainability of such forests in the face of increasing urban population. The aim of this work was to quantify the spatial and temporal changes in urban forest characteristics and to assess the potential drivers of such changes. We used data on tree cover, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and land cover change to quantify tree cover loss and changes in vegetation health in urban forests within the Nairobi metropolitan area in Kenya. We also used land cover data to visualize the potential link between tree cover loss and changes in land use characteristics. From approximately 6600 hectares (ha) of forest land, 720 ha have been lost between 2000 and 2019, representing about 11% loss in 20 years. In six of the urban forests, the trend of loss was positive, indicating a continuing disturbance of urban forests around Nairobi. Conversely, there was a negative trend in the annual mean NDVI values for each of the forests, indicating a potential deterioration of the vegetation health in the forests. A preliminary, visual inspection of high-resolution imagery in sample areas of tree cover loss showed that the main drivers of loss are the conversion of forest lands to residential areas and farmlands, implementation of big infrastructure projects that pass through the forests, and extraction of timber and other resources to support urban developments. The outcome of this study reveals the value of Earth observation data in monitoring urban forest resources.

scholarly journals High-Resolution Monitoring and Assessment of Evapotranspiration and Gross Primary Production Using Remote Sensing in a Typical Arid Region

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 396
Author(s):  
Junxia Yan ◽  
Yanfei Ma ◽  
Dongyun Zhang ◽  
Zechen Li ◽  
Weike Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Heihe River ◽  
Freshwater Resource ◽  
Oasis Area

Land surface evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary productivity (GPP) are critical components in terrestrial ecosystems with water and carbon cycles. Large-scale, high-resolution, and accurately quantified ET and GPP values are important fundamental data for freshwater resource management and help in understanding terrestrial carbon and water cycles in an arid region. In this study, the revised surface energy balance system (SEBS) model and MOD17 GPP algorithm were used to estimate daily ET and GPP at 100 m resolution based on multi-source satellite remote sensing data to obtain surface biophysical parameters and meteorological forcing data as input variables for the model in the midstream oasis area of the Heihe River Basin (HRB) from 2010 to 2016. Then, we further calculated the ecosystem water-use efficiency (WUE). We validated the daily ET, GPP, and WUE from ground observations at a crop oasis station and conducted spatial intercomparisons of monthly and annual ET, GPP, and WUE at the irrigation district and cropland oasis scales. The site-level evaluation results show that ET and GPP had better performance than WUE at the daily time scale. Specifically, the deviations in the daily ET, GPP, and WUE data compared with ground observations were small, with a root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percent error (MAPE) of 0.75 mm/day and 26.59%, 1.13 gC/m2 and 36.62%, and 0.50 gC/kgH2O and 39.83%, respectively. The regional annual ET, GPP, and WUE varied from 300 to 700 mm, 200 to 650 gC/m2, and 0.5 to 1.0 gC/kgH2O, respectively, over the entire irrigation oasis area. It was found that annual ET and GPP were greater than 550 mm and 500 gC/m2, and annual oasis cropland WUE had strong invariability and was maintained at approximately 0.85 gC/kgH2O. The spatial intercomparisons from 2010 to 2016 revealed that ET had similar spatial patterns to GPP due to tightly coupled carbon and water fluxes. However, the WUE spatiotemporal patterns were slightly different from both ET and GPP, particularly in the early and late growing seasons for the oasis area. Our results demonstrate that spatial full coverage and reasonably fine spatiotemporal variation and variability could significantly improve our understanding of water-saving irrigation strategies and oasis agricultural water management practices in the face of water shortage issues.

scholarly journals Climatologies at high resolution for the earth’s land surface areas

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Nikolaus Karger ◽  
Olaf Conrad ◽  
Jürgen Böhner ◽  
Tobias Kawohl ◽  
Holger Kreft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Surface Areas

scholarly journals A High-Resolution National-Scale Hydrologic Forecast System from a Global Ensemble Land Surface Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 950-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan D. Snow ◽  
Scott D. Christensen ◽  
Nathan R. Swain ◽  
E. James Nelson ◽  
Daniel P. Ames ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Forecast System ◽  
Hydrologic Forecast
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