Influence of hydrogenated fat and butter on CVD risk factors: remnant-like particles, glucose and insulin, blood pressure and C-reactive protein

Background:Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease that results in patient’s morbidity and disabilities. There is strong evidence that OA is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Red cell distribution width (RDW) blood test is a measure of the variation in red blood cell volume and size. Elevated RDW has recently been found to correlate with CVD risk in patients with and without heart disease and autoimmune diseases. RDW may be a marker for factors driving CVS risk.Objectives:: To investigate whether RDW can serve as a potential parameter for indicating cardiovascular risk in OA patients.Methods:A subsample of 819 OA patients was extracted from 2003-2006 National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey in a cross-sectional study. 63.7% of them were females. Their mean age was 66.4 ± 14.1 yrs. Demographic, medical data, inflammatory markers & lipid panel were obtained. Only patients with Haemoglobin>12 mg/dl were included. Functional limitations were assessed using a physical function questionnaire.Results:Elevated levels of RDW were associated with CVD risk factors in OA patients. 532 (65.8%) OA patients had functional limitations, while 78 (9.5%) and 63 (7.6%) known to have heart attacks or stroke ever. Mean RDW was 12.9±1.1fL. There was a positive significant correlation between RDW & CVD risk factors including body mass index (r=0.17, p<0.001), C-reactive protein (r=0.29, p<0.001), serum uric acid (r=0.12, p<0.001), and functional limitation (0.16, p<0.001). No significant association between RDW & lipid panel was found. In multiple regression analysis controlling for age, sex as covariates, body mass index (β =0.02, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.03, p=0.002), C-reactive protein (β =0.35, 95%CI: 0.26, 0.45, p<0.001), and functional limitation (β =0.18, 95%CI: 0.13, 0.35, p=0.03).Conclusion:In addition to known CVD risk in OA patients, elevated RDW levels should prompt physicians to aggressively screen and treat their patients for modifiable CVS risk factors, in addition to OA.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Abstract P292: Severe Obesity is Associated with Dramatic Increase in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Prevalence: Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.127.suppl_12.ap292 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽

Author(s):

Robert Kaplan ◽

Larissa M Avilés-Santa ◽

Christina M Parrinello ◽

Sheila Castañeda ◽

Arlene L Hankinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Class Ii ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Class Iii ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Total N ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Class Iii Obesity

Introduction: Prevalence of severe obesity is increasing, especially among the young Hispanic population. Methods: In the HCHS/SOL cohort of 18-74 year old US Hispanics, we examined gradients across BMI and age in CVD risk factors. Results: Approximately one in five males (total N = 6,547) and one in ten females (total N=9,797) met criteria for class II obesity (BMI 35 - 40 kg/m 2 ) or class III obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m 2 ). The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and elevated C-reactive protein rose with each successive class of overweight/obesity. In contrast, the prevalence of elevated levels of total cholesterol, LDL-c and triglycerides increased across normal weight, overweight (BMI 25 - 30 kg/m 2 ), and class I obese (BMI 30 - 35 kg/m 2 ) groups, but did not increase in frequency across class I, class II, and class III obesity groups. The Figure depicts isolines that identify age- specific subgroups of the normal-weight and class II - III obese groups that had the same estimated prevalence of CVD risk factors, with 95 percent confidence intervals. Among young adults with class II or III obesity, the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and the combination of three or more CVD risk factors was similar to that among normal-weight individuals (BMI 18.5 - 25 kg/m 2 ) who were 15 to 30 years older. Among young obese individuals, the prevalence of low HDL-c levels and high C-reactive protein levels exceeded that among the oldest adults in the cohort. CVD risk factors had stronger, more consistent gradients across the BMI categories among men than among women. Conclusion: Class II and III obesity, defined as BMI ≥ 35 kg/m 2 , are common in the Hispanic/Latino population. Young adults with these severe forms of obesity have dramatically increased frequency of cardiometabolic risk factors. The age-related accumulation of multiple CVD risk factors, such as is typically seen in normal-weight individuals, is accelerated by 1-2 decades in severly overweight women and by 2-3 decades in severely overweight men.

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Abstract P139: Association of Energy Flux with Change in Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Weight Stable Individuals

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.133.suppl_1.p139 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Baqiyyah Conway ◽

Peter Giacobbi ◽

Clemens Drenowatz ◽

Stephen Blair ◽

Gregory Hand

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Energy Flux ◽

Impaired Fasting Glucose ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Exercise Group ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Group Assignment

Background: It is generally accepted that body weight is maintained when there is energy balance between intake and expenditure. Energy balance can be achieved at different rates of expenditure through exercise and caloric intake which has been referred to as energy flux: high flux reflects high expenditure and high intake while low flux describes low energy expenditure and intake. Overweight, obesity, and diabetes are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease and CVD risk factors tend to increase with hyperglycemia and BMI. Exercise is a viable way to achieve weight maintenance, however, there is limited data about the role of energy flux on CVD risk factors when individuals maintain their body weight. We investigated the effect of energy flux and change in energy flux on CVD risk factors in when body weight is maintained. Methods: One hundred and thirteen overweight or obese class I adults ages 21 to 45 were randomized to a control group, moderate exercise (17.5 kcal/kg/week) or high exercise group (35 kcal/kg/week). The exercise groups performed supervised exercise at and intensity of 70-75% of their heart rate maximum. Impaired fasting glucose was defined as a fasting glucose of 100-125 mg/dL. General linear models were used to test the relationship of exercise intensity and impaired fasting glucose on change in energy flux from baseline to six months, as well as the relationship of 6-month change in energy flux with change in CVD risk factors, namely, HDLc, LDLc, vLDLc, total cholesterol, triglycerides, Apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and C-reactive protein. Results: Seventy-two percent of the population was overweight and 22% were obese. Mean change in energy flux from baseline to month six was 128.8 kcal/day. In multivariable analyses including age, sex, BMI, impaired fasting glucose, and energy expenditure group assignment, neither exercise group assignment nor baseline obesity status had any effect on change in energy flux, lipids, or inflammatory markers. Impaired fasting glucose was associated with a significantly greater increase in energy flux from baseline to six months (p=0.03). There was a stepwise change in C-reactive protein from baseline to six months, with a decrease (-2.46 mg/dL) in controls, a moderate increase (+0.32 mg/dL) in the moderate intensity exercise group and a larger increase (+0.82 mg/dL) in the very intensive exercise group, p= 0.03 for moderate intensity and p=0.02 for very intensive exercise groups compared to controls. Finally, increases in energy flux from baseline to six months were associated with increased ApoB (p=0.04), though there were no significant changes in energy flux by group assignment. Conclusion: Intensification of exercise and increases in energy flux while maintaining stable weight is associated with increases in certain cardiovascular risk factors, namely C-reactive protein and ApoB.

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Whole grain intake compared with cereal fibre intake in association to CVD risk factors: a cross-sectional analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (UK)

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980019004221 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (8) ◽

pp. 1392-1403 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Eden M Barrett ◽

Birdem Amoutzopoulos ◽

Marijka J Batterham ◽

Sumantra Ray ◽

Eleanor J Beck

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Whole Grains ◽

Whole Grain ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Fibre Intake ◽

Reactive Protein

AbstractObjective:To investigate how intakes of whole grains and cereal fibre were associated to risk factors for CVD in UK adults.Design:Cross-sectional analyses examined associations between whole grain and cereal fibre intakes and adiposity measurements, serum lipid concentrations, C-reactive protein, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, HbA1c, homocysteine and a combined CVD relative risk score.Setting:The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) Rolling Programme 2008–2014.Participants:A nationally representative sample of 2689 adults.Results:Participants in the highest quartile (Q4) of whole grain intake had lower waist–hip ratio (Q1 0·872; Q4 0·857; P = 0·04), HbA1c (Q1 5·66 %; Q4 5·47 %; P = 0·01) and homocysteine (Q1 9·95 µmol/l; Q4 8·76 µmol/l; P = 0·01) compared with participants in the lowest quartile (Q1), after adjusting for dietary and lifestyle factors, including cereal fibre intake. Whole grain intake was inversely associated with C-reactive protein using multivariate analysis (P = 0·02), but this was not significant after final adjustment for cereal fibre. Cereal fibre intake was also inversely associated with waist–hip ratio (P = 0·03) and homocysteine (P = 0·002) in multivariate analysis.Conclusions:Similar inverse associations between whole grain and cereal fibre intakes to CVD risk factors suggest the relevance of cereal fibre in the protective effects of whole grains. However, whole grain associations often remained significant after adjusting for cereal fibre intake, suggesting additional constituents may be relevant. Intervention studies are needed to compare cereal fibre intake from non-whole grain sources to whole grain intake.

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Differential Response to Exercise in African Americans with High Levels of Inflammation

Ethnicity & Disease ◽

10.18865/ed.27.3.233 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 233 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jan Kretzschmar ◽

Dianne M. Babbitt ◽

Keith M. Diaz ◽

Deborah L. Feairheller ◽

Kathleen M. Sturgeon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

African Americans ◽

Aerobic Fitness ◽

Early Stage ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Reactive Protein

Purpose: Systemic inflammation, measured by C-reactive protein (CRP), is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. We investigated whether aerobic exercise training (AEXT) affects African Americans with high inflammation (HI) the same way it does African Americans with low inflammation (LI) in terms of CVD risk factors. Methods: 23 African Americans with CRP levels <3 mg/L (LI) and 14 African Americans with CRP ≥3 mg/L (HI) underwent six months of AEXT. Participants were sedentary, non-diabetic, non-smoking, with clinical blood pressure <160/100 mm Hg, were non-hyperlipidemic, had no signs of cardiovascular, renal, or pulmonary disease, and were not on medication. Measures included CD62E+ endothelial microparticles (EMPs), a measure of early stage endothelial dysfunction, as well as lipid and glucose profile, aerobic fitness, body composition, and blood pressure. Results: The LI group improved aerobic fitness by 10%, body mass index by 3%, and plasma triglycerides by 20%, with no change being observed in HI group for these variables. The HI group improved fasting plasma glucose levels by 10%, with no change occurring in the LI group. Both groups improved CD62E+ EMPs by 38% and 59% for the LI and HI group, respectively. Conclusions: A standard AEXT intervention differentially affected CVD risk factors among African Americans with high and low inflammation. This may indicate that, in African Americans with high inflammation, AEXT alone may not be enough to reap the same benefits as their low-inflammation peers in terms of CVD risk modification. Ethn Dis. 2017;27(3):233-240; doi:10.18865/ed.27.3.233

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Is there a relationship between dental and/or periodontal pathology and values of C-reactive protein, Homocysteine and Lipoprotein (a) in patients with cardiovascular disease? A case control study

Journal of Current Medical Research and Opinion ◽

10.15520/jcmro.v3i05.285 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (05) ◽

Author(s):

Beatriz Gonzalez Navarro ◽

Enric Jané Salas ◽

Jose Lopez Lopez ◽

Xavier Pintó Sala

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

The Relationship ◽

Control Study

Background Dental pathology [dental caries (DC) and apical periodontitis (AP)] and/or periodontal pathology (PD) could influence the onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The relationship between conventional CVD risk factors and dento-periodontal pathology has been well demonstrated; however, there is less evidence of the relationship between these pathologies and emerging or unconventional CVD risk factors, including C-reactive protein (CRP), Homocysteine (Hcy) and Lipoprotein a (Lp (a). Methods This case-control study included 99 patients with CVD and 50 healthy controls. All participants underwent a detailed medical history, an intraoral examination, an orthopantomography and a blood test. All the analyses were performed on the data set, using all available information with intention to treat criteria. Results A greater number of patients in the study group presented PD (p <0.001) and AP (p <0.001) compared to the control group. However, we did not find significant differences in the prevalence of caries between both groups (p <0.287). Moreover, none of oral variables was significantly related to concentrations of CRP, Hcy or Lp(a). Conclusions Patients with CVD present more PD and a greater number of AP, suggesting an association between dento-periodontal pathology and cardiovascular pathology. The concentrations of CRP, homocysteine and Lp(a) are not related to the degree of dento-periodontal pathology, so we believe that more studies are necessary to assess this possible association.

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C-Reactive Protein Concentrations Are Very High and More Stable over Time Than the Traditional Vascular Risk Factors Total Cholesterol and Systolic Blood Pressure in an Australian Aboriginal Cohort

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1373/clinchem.2008.115360 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 336-341 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Tomer Shemesh ◽

Kevin G Rowley ◽

Alicia J Jenkins ◽

James D Best ◽

Kerin O'Dea

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Over Time

AbstractBackground: Stability of circulating high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations has implications for its utility in assessing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We sought to determine hsCRP reproducibility in an indigenous Australian cohort with a view to use hsCRP as a marker of future CVD in community-based risk-factor screenings.Methods: Seventy people living in a community on the northern coast of Australia participated in 2 risk-factor screenings over a median (interquartile range) follow-up time of 829 (814–1001) days. hsCRP was measured by high-sensitivity nephelometry.Results: Geometric mean hsCRP concentrations at baseline and follow-up were 4.5 and 5.1 mg/L, respectively (P = 0.220), and Pearson product-moment correlation was 0.775. The proportion of people at high CVD risk (hsCRP >3.0 mg/L) at baseline was 67.1% and remained consistently high (68.6%) at follow-up. Linear regression analysis for follow-up hsCRP as a function of baseline hsCRP, sex, and differences in total and regional body fatness showed that baseline hsCRP was the single predictor in the model, accounting for 63.9% of the total variance in follow-up hsCRP (Pmodel < 0.001). Prevalence agreement (95% CI) between baseline and follow-up for the hsCRP >3.0 mg/L category was 84% (73%–92%) (PMcNemar = not significant), and κ coefficient was fair (0.64, compared with 0.31 for systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and 0.43 for total cholesterol ≥5.5 mmol/L).Conclusions: hsCRP concentrations remained consistently reproducible over time across a wide concentration range in an Aboriginal cohort. Correlations between concentrations over time were better than for other traditional CVD risk factors. hsCRP concentration has potential as a marker of future CVD risk.

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Geographical profiles of cardiovascular risk and the risk factors in China: data from a nationwide population-based screening project

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.2826 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

C.Q Wu ◽

X Li ◽

J.P Lu ◽

B.W Chen ◽

Y.C Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Population Based ◽

Staple Food ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Food Factor ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Activity Factor

Abstract Background In China, an abundance of cardiovascular risk factors has contributed to the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which caused almost 4 million deaths per year. However, comprehensive evidence on the geographical profiles of cardiovascular disease risk in China is lacking, as findings in prior studies have been limited to relatively small sample sizes, had incomplete regional coverage, or focused on a narrow risk factor spectrum. Purpose To compare the population CVD risk among different regions across China, and to describe the geographical distributions of CVD risk factors and their clusters throughout the nation. Methods In a nationwide population-based screening project covering 252 counties of China, standardized measurements were conducted to collect information on 12 major CVD risk factors. Individuals of high CVD risk were identified as those with previous CVD, or with a predicted 10-year risk of CVD greater than 10% according to the WHO risk prediction charts. We applied factor analysis to generate “clusters” that characterized the clustering of these risk factors, then explored their relationship with the local ambient temperature and per capital GDP. Results Among 983476 participants included, 9.2% were of high CVD risk, with a range of 1.6% to 23.6% across counties. Among the seven regions in China, the rate was relatively high in the Northeast (11.8%) and North China (10.4%), while low in the South China (7.2%) and Northwest (7.8%). We identified 6 clusters underlying CVD risk factors, including Obesity factor, Blood pressure factor, Staple food factor, Non-staple food factor, Smoking and alcohol factor, and Metabolic and physical activity factor (Figure). We found high risk regions were facing different leading challenges, like obesity and blood pressure for the North China, while unhealthy non-staple food for the Northeast. The South China, as the region with the lowest CVD risk, still had the highest prevalence of unhealthy staple food. Lower annual average ambient temperature was associated with higher risk in Blood pressure factor, Obesity factor and Non-staple food factor, but lower risk in Staple food factor and Metabolic and physical activity factor (p<0.001 for all), consistently between rural and urban. Higher per capital GDP was associated with lower risk in Non-staple food factor in urban and higher risk in Metabolic and physical activity factor in rural (p<0.05 for both). The correlation between per capital GDP and Smoking and alcohol factor differed significantly between in rural and urban regions (p=0.042). Conclusions The geographical profile of CVD risk in China is complex - population risk levels varied substantially across regions, which were contributed by different risk factors. China needs geographically targeted intervention strategies considering environmental and socio-economic factors to control CVD risk and reduce the burden related to CVD. Geographical disparity of risk clusters Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The National Key Research and Development Program from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China; the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Science

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Serum alanine aminotransferase activity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a Caucasian population: the Tromsø study

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12872-020-01826-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Svein Ivar Bekkelund

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Alanine Aminotransferase ◽

Maximum Level ◽

Glycated Haemoglobin ◽

Caucasian Population ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Serum Alanine Aminotransferase

Abstract Background High and low levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are both associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risks especially in elderly, but the mechanisms are less known. This study investigated associations between ALT and CVD risk factors including effects of sex and age in a Caucasian population. Methods Cross-sectional data were analysed sex-stratified in 2555 men (mean age 60.4 years) and 2858 women (mean age 60.0 years) from the population study Tromsø 6. Associations were assessed by variance analysis and multivariable logistic regression of odds to have abnormal ALT. Risk factors included body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip-ratio, blood pressure, lipids, glucose, glycated haemoglobin and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP). Results Abnormal elevated ALT was detected in 113 men (4.4%) and 188 women (6.6%). Most CVD risk factors associated positively with ALT in both sexes except systolic blood pressure and CRP (women only), while ALT was positively associated with age in men when adjusted for CVD risk factors, P < 0.001. BMI predicted ALT in men (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.88–1.00, P = 0.047) and women (OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.86–0.95, P < 0.001). A linear inversed association between age and ALT in men and a non-linear inversed U-trend in women with maximum level between 60 and 64 years were found. Conclusion This study confirms a positive relationship between ALT and CVD risk factors, particularly BMI. Age is not a major confounder in the ALT-CVD relationship, but separate sex-analyses is recommended in such studies.

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Effects of a Paleolithic Diet on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Advances in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/advances/nmz007 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 634-646 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ehsan Ghaedi ◽

Mohammad Mohammadi ◽

Hamed Mohammadi ◽

Nahid Ramezani-Jolfaie ◽

Janmohamad Malekzadeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Paleolithic Diet ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Randomized Controlled

ABSTRACTThere is some evidence supporting the beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet (PD) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. This diet advises consuming lean meat, fish, vegetables, fruits, and nuts and avoiding intake of grains, dairy products, processed foods, and added sugar and salt. This study was performed to assess the effects of a PD on CVD risk factors including anthropometric indexes, lipid profile, blood pressure, and inflammatory markers using data from randomized controlled trials. A comprehensive search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases up to August 2018. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to estimate the pooled effect size. Meta-analysis of 8 eligible studies revealed that a PD significantly reduced body weight [weighted mean difference (WMD) = −1.68 kg; 95% CI: −2.86, −0.49 kg], waist circumference (WMD = −2.72 cm; 95% CI: −4.04, −1.40 cm), BMI (in kg/m2) (WMD = −1.54; 95% CI: −2.22, −0.87), body fat percentage (WMD = −1.31%; 95% CI: −2.06%, −0.57%), systolic (WMD = −4.75 mm Hg; 95% CI: −7.54, −1.96 mm Hg) and diastolic (WMD = −3.23 mm Hg; 95% CI: −4.77, −1.69 mm Hg) blood pressure, and circulating concentrations of total cholesterol (WMD = −0.23 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.42, −0.04 mmol/L), triglycerides (WMD = −0.30 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.55, −0.06 mmol/L), LDL cholesterol (WMD = −0.13 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.26, −0.01 mmol/L), and C-reactive protein (CRP) (WMD = −0.48 mg/L; 95% CI: −0.79, −0.16 mg/L) and also significantly increased HDL cholesterol (WMD = 0.06 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.11 mmol/L). However, sensitivity analysis revealed that the overall effects of a PD on lipid profile, systolic blood pressure, and circulating CRP concentrations were sensitive to removing some studies and to the correlation coefficients, hence the results must be interpreted with caution. Although the present meta-analysis revealed that a PD has favorable effects on CVD risk factors, the evidence is not conclusive and more well-designed trials are still needed.

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