Fungal and mycotoxin contamination of herbal raw materials and their protection by nanoencapsulated essential oils: An overview

2022 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 102257
Author(s):  
Bijendra Kumar Singh ◽  
Shikha Tiwari ◽  
Akash Maurya ◽  
Susheel Kumar ◽  
Nawal Kishore Dubey
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination

scholarly journals Variability in chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Rosa × damascena Herrm. from mountainous regions of Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansureh Ghavam ◽  
Afsaneh Afzali ◽  
Maria Manconi ◽  
Gianluigi Bacchetta ◽  
Maria Letizia Manca
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Rosa Damascena ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Aspergillus Brasiliensis ◽  
Suitable Area

Abstract Background Essential oil of Rosa × damascena Herrm. is one of the most valuable and important raw materials for the flavor and fragrance industry. The cultivation of this plant has ancient origins, and Kashan was one of the first mountainous regions of Iran dealing with the cultivation of R. × damascena. In this study, both chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of different rose essential oils obtained from five mountainous areas of Kashan region (Maragh, Qamsar, Sadeh, Javinan, and Kamoo) has been investigated along with the influence of the environmental conditions on these properties. Results Results showed that yield and chemical composition of essential oils obtained from Rosa × damascena were significantly affected by the collection area. In particular, the yield of oils varied from ~0.08 to ~0.132% and citronellol (36.70-9.18%), geraniol (12.82-0.47%), nonadecane (22.73-10.36%), heneicosane (31.7-11.43%), and 1-nonadecene (6.03-3.93%) have been detected as main compounds in all the plants collected, but at different concentrations depending on the collection area. The best fragrance and the highest yield were found in the oil from Kamoo area. Similarly to the chemical composition, the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was affected by their origin, and essential oil obtained from plants collected from Kamoo area disclosed the highest antibacterial and antifungal efficacy. Its inhibition halos were 17.33±0.58 mm against Aspergillus brasiliensis, 15.67±0.58 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, and 12.33±0. 58 mm against Streptococcus pyogenes. Essential oils of R. damascena were also effective against Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and they had a MIC value of 62.50 μg/mL irrespective of the collection area (except the oil from Javinan area). On the contrary, the highest antifungal power against Candida albicans yeast was reached using the essential oil obtained from plants collected in Javinan region (MIC and MBC ~62.50 μg/mL). Conclusions Overall results underline the influence of environmental conditions of the different areas of Kashan region, on the chemical composition of and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Rosa × damascena. In addition, results disclosed that Kamoo seemed to be the most suitable area for the competitive cultivation of R. × damascena to the intensive production of aromatic flower oil and natural antimicrobial essential oils.

scholarly journals Rose Flowers—A Delicate Perfume or a Natural Healer?

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Milka Mileva ◽  
Yana Ilieva ◽  
Gabriele Jovtchev ◽  
Svetla Gateva ◽  
Maya Margaritova Zaharieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Rosa Damascena ◽  
Oil Sand ◽  
Rosa Gallica ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Phytochemical Profile

Plants from the Rosacea family are rich in natural molecules with beneficial biological properties, and they are widely appreciated and used in the food industry, perfumery, and cosmetics. In this review, we are considering Rosa damascena Mill., Rosa alba L., Rosa centifolia L., and Rosa gallica L. as raw materials important for producing commercial products, analyzing and comparing the main biological activities of their essential oils, hydrolates, and extracts. A literature search was performed to find materials describing (i) botanical characteristics; (ii) the phytochemical profile; and (iii) biological properties of the essential oil sand extracts of these so called “old roses” that are cultivated in Bulgaria, Turkey, India, and the Middle East. The information used is from databases PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Roses have beneficial healing properties due to their richness of beneficial components, the secondary metabolites as flavonoids (e.g., flavones, flavonols, anthocyanins), fragrant components (essential oils, e.g., monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes), and hydrolysable and condensed tannins. Rose essential oils and extracts with their therapeutic properties—as respiratory antiseptics, anti-inflammatories, mucolytics, expectorants, decongestants, and antioxidants—are able to act as symptomatic prophylactics and drugs, and in this way alleviate dramatic sufferings during severe diseases.

scholarly journals Aromatic Profiles of Essential Oils from Five Commonly Used Thai Basils

Foods ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibet Tangpao ◽  
Hsiao-Hang Chung ◽  
Sarana Sommano
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Methyl Eugenol ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Ocimum Species ◽  
Holy Basil

The research objectives of this study are to analyse the volatile compositions of different basil types available in Thai markets and to descriptively determine their aromatic qualities. Essential oils were hydro-distillated from fresh leaves of two Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) varieties namely, white and red and other basil species, including Tree basil (O. gratissimum), Thai basil (O. basilicum var. thyrsiflorum), and Lemon basil (O. citriodorum). Oil physiochemical characteristics and volatile chromatograms from Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the chemical compositions. Estragole, eugenol, and methyl eugenol were among the major volatiles found in the essential oils of these basil types. Classification by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) advised that these Ocimum spp. samples are grouped based on either the distinctive anise, citrus aroma (estragole, geranial and neral), or spice-like aroma (methyl eugenol, β-caryophyllene, and α-cubebene). The essential oils were also used for descriptive sensorial determination by five semi-trained panellists, using the following developed terms: anise, citrus, herb, spice, sweet, and woody. The panellists were able to differentiate essential oils of white Holy basil from red Holy basil based on the intensity of the anisic attribute, while the anise and citrus scents were detected as dominant in the Lemon basil, Tree basil, and Thai basil essential oils. The overall benefit from this research was the elucidation of aromatic qualities from Thai common Ocimum species in order to assess their potential as the raw materials for new food products.

Global occurrence of mycotoxins in the food and feed chain: facts and figures

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Schatzmayr ◽  
E. Streit
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
High Concentrations

Mycotoxins are ubiquitously present in agricultural commodities, such as cereals and oil seeds. If ingested in sufficiently high concentrations, they exert severe toxic effects in humans and animals. In 2004, a survey programme was launched to assess the extent of mycotoxin contamination in feed and feed raw materials. Since then, over 19,000 samples have been analysed and more than 70,000 individual analyses have been conducted. While it is difficult to infer any long-term trends on a global level, the data confirm that high mycotoxin contamination is often linked to unusual weather. Overall, 72% of the samples contained detectable amounts of aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone or ochratoxin A. Co-contamination with two or more mycotoxins was detected in 38% of the samples. In most cases the concentrations were low enough to ensure compliance with EU guidance values or maximum levels. However, co-contaminated samples with concentrations below guidance and maximum values might still exert adverse effects due to synergistic interactions of the mycotoxins. Emerging mycotoxins and masked mycotoxins may also contribute to the overall toxicity of the feed and their presence is frequently detected with multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS. Since by-product feeds, such as distillers dried grain with solubles, often concentrate the mycotoxins of the original substrate, they contribute excessively to the overall contamination of feed rations and therefore need special attention. Regarding food the situation is quite similar: low level contamination is frequently observed in official controls but maximum levels are rarely exceeded in developed countries. As it is very difficult to remove mycotoxins from contaminated commodities, preventing them from accumulation in agricultural commodities is the most effective strategy to combat the problem. Preventive measures range from crop rotation and resistance breeding to inoculation with microbial antagonists. Nevertheless, excessive mycotoxin levels may occur despite all preventive measures. Therefore, continuous monitoring is essential and efficient detoxification strategies are needed to deal with such outbreaks.

scholarly journals Pembuatan Sabun Aroma Teraphi untuk Masyarakat Pedesaan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Aman Santoso ◽  
Ida Bagus Suryadarma ◽  
Sumari Sumari ◽  
Dedek Sukarianingsih
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Liquid Soap ◽  
Water Steam ◽  
Water Distillation ◽  
Village Community ◽  
Cooking Oil

Kelompok tani wilayah ponggok berpotensi sebagai penghasil  produk agro seperti buah-buahan dan juga minyak atsiri seperti bunga kenanga, nilam, sereh dan  cengkeh. Minyak atsiri dapat diisolasi dengan cara destilasi  air, dan destilasi air-uap. Masyarakat banyak menghasilkan limbah minyak goreng. Limbah minya tidak baik untuk kesehatan dn juga mencemari lingkungan. Hasil potensi desa bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai unggulan masyarakat desa. Dengan reaksi saponifikasi minyak dapat diubah menjadi sabun. Hasil kegiatan ini menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat sangat antusias dan bisa membuat sabun cair dengan bahan baku minyak goreng, dikatalis  basa, sedikit texafone, serta gloserin serta sedikti aroma minyak aisiri.  Kata kunci—minyak atsiri, sabun, minyak sawit, masyarakat desa. Abstract Ponggok area farmers groups have the potential to produce agro products such as fruits and essential oils such as cananga, patchouli, lemongrass and clove. Essential oils can be isolated by water distillation, and water-steam distillation. Many people produce cooking oil waste. Oil waste is not good for health and also pollutes the environment. Village results can be used as a superior village community. With the saponification reaction the oil can be turned into soap. The findings of these activity showed that the community is very enthusiastic and can make liquid soap with raw materials for cooking oil, alkaline catalysts, a little texafone, as well as gloserin and a little aroma of essential oils. Keywords—essential oil, soap, palm oil, rural communities

INSEKTISIDA NABATI LALAT DALAM PENGHARUM RUANGAN DARI EKSTRAK DAUN BABADOTAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229
Author(s):  
Lia Septiani Wiharyono ◽  
Debby Nurdasmiati ◽  
Aulia Tarra Nazifa ◽  
Siti Fatonah
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
The Public ◽  
Control Product ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Financial Benefits ◽  
Fly Control

Abstract   Flies are insects transmitting diseases to humans. Flies are commonly found perched on dirty places (trash cans), and clean places (human food). The effectiveness of babadotan as a vegetable insecticide can be applied through aromatherapy wax combined with essential oils. This activity aims to provide information to the public about the babadotan that can be used as vegetable insecticide flies from leaf extracts, increase financial benefits, increase the spirit of entrepreneurship for students, increase employment opportunities for the community, and enhance student and community interaction. Tuan Naran is a fly control product that is useful for groups of people who are active in the room. The superiority of Tuan Naran product commodities, namely the content of natural chemical compounds from babadotan leaves which are toxic to flies, raw materials that do not cause side effects that are harmful to humans / environment, air freshener due to essential oil content, effective / practical in use and selling prices affordable for the community. Tuan Naran is sold in the form of 75 g, and 30 g net weight (variation of essential oils of fragrant lemongrass, and peppermint leaves) respectively, which is Rp. 20,000.00, and Rp. 25,000.00. Keywords: Babadotan, vegetable insecticides, flies, air freshener,Tuan Naran Abstrak Lalat merupakan serangga penular penyakit bagi manusia. Lalat umum dijumpai hinggap pada tempat kotor (tempat sampah), dan tempat yang bersih (makanan manusia). Efektifitas babadotan sebagai insektisida nabati dapat diaplikasikan melalui  lilin aromaterapi yang dikombinasikan dengan minyak esensial. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi kepada masyarakat mengenai babadotan yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai insektisida nabati lalat dari ekstrak daunnya, menambah keuntungan finansial, meningkatkan semangat berwirausaha bagi mahasiswa, menambah lapangan pekerjaan bagi masyarakat, dan meningkatkan interaksi mahasiswa dan masyarakat. Tuan Naran merupakan produk pengendalian lalat yang bermanfaat bagi kelompok masyarakat yang beraktivitas didalam ruangan. Keunggulan komoditas produk Tuan Naran, yaitu kandungan senyawa kimia alami dari daun babadotan yang bersifat toksik bagi lalat, bahan baku yang tidak menimbulkan efek samping yang berbahaya bagi manusia/lingkungan, pengharum ruangan karena kandungan minyak esensial, efektif/praktis dalam penggunaannya serta harga jual yang terjangkau bagi masyarakat. Tuan Naran dijual dalam bentuk berat bersih 75 g, dan 30 g (variasi minyak esensial serai wangi, dan daun peppermint) masing-masing, yaitu seharga Rp. 20.000,00, dan Rp. 25.000,00. Kata Kunci: Babadotan, insektisida nabati, lalat, pengharum ruangan, Tuan Naran

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