The variegated scallop, Mimachlamys varia, undergoes alterations in several of its metabolic pathways under short-term zinc exposure

Abstract Carboxylation and decarboxylation are two fundamental classes of reactions that impact the cycling of carbon in and on Earth’s crust. These reactions play important roles in both long-term (primarily abiotic) and short-term (primarily biotic) carbon cycling. Long-term cycling is important in the subsurface and at subduction zones where organic carbon is decomposed and outgassed or recycled back to the mantle. Short-term reactions are driven by biology and have the ability to rapidly convert CO2 to biomass and vice versa. For instance, carboxylation is a critical reaction in primary production and metabolic pathways like photosynthesis in which sunlight provides energy to drive carbon fixation, whereas decarboxylation is a critical reaction in metabolic pathways like respiration and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Early life and prebiotic chemistry on Earth likely relied heavily upon the abiotic synthesis of carboxylic acids. Over time, life has diversified (de)carboxylation reactions and incorporated them into many facets of cellular metabolism. Here we present a broad overview of the importance of carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions from both abiotic and biotic perspectives to highlight the importance of these reactions and compounds to planetary evolution.

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Changes of Gene Expression in Euglena gracilis Obtained During the 29th DLR Parabolic Flight Campaign

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-50611-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Julia Krüger ◽

Peter Richter ◽

Julia Stoltze ◽

Sebastian M. Strauch ◽

Marcus Krüger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Euglena Gracilis ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Protein Modification ◽

Gene Expression Analysis ◽

Parabolic Flight ◽

Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽

Transport Mechanisms ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Time

Abstract Parabolic flight maneuvers of Novespace’s Airbus A310 ZERO-G produce subsequent phases of hypergravity (about 20 s), microgravity (about 22 s) and another 20 s hypergravity on experiments located in the experiment area of the aircraft. The 29th DLR parabolic flight campaign consisted of four consecutive flight days with thirty-one parabolas each day. Euglena gracilis cells were fixed with TRIzol during different acceleration conditions at the first and the last parabola of each flight. Samples were collected and analyzed with microarrays for one-color gene expression analysis. The data indicate significant changes in gene expression in E. gracilis within short time. Hierarchical clustering shows that changes induced by the different accelerations yield reproducible effects at independent flight days. Transcription differed between the first and last parabolas indicating adaptation effects in the course of the flight. Different gene groups were found to be affected in different phases of the parabolic flight, among others, genes involved in signal transduction, calcium signaling, transport mechanisms, metabolic pathways, and stress-response as well as membrane and cytoskeletal proteins. In addition, transcripts of other areas, e.g., DNA and protein modification, were altered. The study contributes to the understanding of short-term effects of microgravity and different accelerations on cells at a molecular level.

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COMPARISON OF SOME BIOCHEMICAL VARIABLES DURING KICKBOXING COMPETITIONS

European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science ◽

10.46827/ejpe.v6i11.3628 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Mustafa Karadağ ◽

Naci Ömer Alayunt ◽

Kürşat Kargün ◽

Yüksel Savucu ◽

Ercan Gür ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Liver Enzymes ◽

Alanine Transaminase ◽

The Body ◽

Combat Sport ◽

Heavy Exercise ◽

Short Term ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

High Level ◽

Competition Behavior

Background: Kickboxing is a high-intensity, intermittent combat sport, which is characterized by short-term complex abilities and tactical key movements. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the factors related to variability in potential biochemical parameters and competition behavior of high-level kickboxing athletes. Methods: Blood samples of athletes, which were obtained pre- and post-maximal competition applied in accordance with the period, were investigated. In the study, a total of 50 athletes, which consisted of 39 male and 11 female amateur athletes with a mean age of 20.08 ± 6.33. Results: Significant differences were determined in the Body Mass Index (BMI) values between females and males. It was determined that athletes’ Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Total Oxidant Level (TOL) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) values were significantly increased pre- and post-competition while it was determined that Total Antioxidant Level (TAL) were significantly decreased (p<0.05). According to the findings, it was observed that there were statistically significant differences between serum antioxidant, oxidant and liver enzymes of amateur level kickboxing athletes pre- and post-competition. Conclusion: In conclusion, considering the effects of effects of strikes received on the chest area and the effects of the liver, which is located in the intersection of all metabolic pathways, on muscle, increases in liver enzymes is an ordinary situation. It was finally observed that the strikes received caused increases in liver enzyme levels while decreased TAL and increased TOL levels were encountered based on antioxidant enzyme levels spent for removing the free radicals formed as a result of heavy exercise. Article visualizations:<img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0746/a.php" alt="Hit counter" />

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Maize Resistance to Stem Borers Can Be Modulated by Systemic Maize Responses to Long-Term Stem Tunneling

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2020.627468 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Víctor Manuel Rodríguez ◽

Pablo Velasco ◽

Ana Cao ◽

Rogelio Santiago ◽

Rosa Ana Malvar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Limited Attention ◽

Systemic Response ◽

Stem Borers ◽

Short Term ◽

Corn Borer ◽

Constitutive Defenses ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Maize Resistance

Limited attention has been paid to maize (Zea mays L.) resistance induced by corn borer damage, although evidence shows that induced defenses have lower resource allocation costs than constitutive defenses. Maize responses to short- and long-term feeding by the Mediterranean corn borer (MCB, Sesamia nionagrioides) have been previously studied, but the suggested differences between responses could be due to experimental differences. Therefore, in the current study, a direct comparison between short- and long-term responses has been made. The objectives were (i) to determine changes in the level of antibiosis of the stems induced by feeding of S. nonagrioides larvae for 2days (short-term feeding) and 9days (long-term feeding), (ii) to characterize the metabolome of the stems’ short- and long-term responses to borer feeding, and (iii) to look for metabolic pathways that could modulate plant resistance to MCB. Defenses were progressively induced in the resistant inbred, and constitutive defenses were broken down in the susceptible inbred. Results suggest that the different resistance levels of the two inbreds to stem tunneling by MCB could depend on their ability to establish a systemic response. Based on these results, a high throughput look for specific metabolites implicated in systemic induced resistance to maize stem borers is recommended; the current focus on constitutive defense metabolites has not been successful in finding molecules that would be valuable tools for pest control.

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Insights into simultaneous anammox and denitrification system with short-term pyridine exposure: Process capability, inhibition kinetics and metabolic pathways

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering ◽

10.1007/s11783-021-1433-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Shuhan Li ◽

Xin Zhou ◽

Xiwei Cao ◽

Jiabo Chen

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Process Capability ◽

Inhibition Kinetics ◽

Short Term ◽

Exposure Process

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Molecular and physiological evidence of genetic assimilation to high CO2in the marine nitrogen fixerTrichodesmium

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1605202113 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 113 (47) ◽

pp. E7367-E7374 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Nathan G. Walworth ◽

Michael D. Lee ◽

Fei-Xue Fu ◽

David A. Hutchins ◽

Eric A. Webb

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Genetic Change ◽

Genetic Assimilation ◽

Nitrogen Storage ◽

Short Term ◽

Reciprocal Transplantation ◽

Factor Expression ◽

Transplantation Experiments ◽

Phenotypic Responses

Most investigations of biogeochemically important microbes have focused on plastic (short-term) phenotypic responses in the absence of genetic change, whereas few have investigated adaptive (long-term) responses. However, no studies to date have investigated the molecular progression underlying the transition from plasticity to adaptation under elevated CO2for a marine nitrogen-fixer. To address this gap, we cultured the globally important cyanobacteriumTrichodesmiumat both low and high CO2for 4.5 y, followed by reciprocal transplantation experiments to test for adaptation. Intriguingly, fitness actually increased in all high-CO2adapted cell lines in the ancestral environment upon reciprocal transplantation. By leveraging coordinated phenotypic and transcriptomic profiles, we identified expression changes and pathway enrichments that rapidly responded to elevated CO2and were maintained upon adaptation, providing strong evidence for genetic assimilation. These candidate genes and pathways included those involved in photosystems, transcriptional regulation, cell signaling, carbon/nitrogen storage, and energy metabolism. Conversely, significant changes in specific sigma factor expression were only observed upon adaptation. These data reveal genetic assimilation as a potentially adaptive response ofTrichodesmiumand importantly elucidate underlying metabolic pathways paralleling the fixation of the plastic phenotype upon adaptation, thereby contributing to the few available data demonstrating genetic assimilation in microbial photoautotrophs. These molecular insights are thus critical for identifying pathways under selection as drivers in plasticity and adaptation.

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Diagnostic Usefulness of 1, 5 Anhyroglucitol in Diabetes Mellitus: A Review

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.278 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 935-942

Author(s):

Swaminathan S ◽

Abirami MJ ◽

Oviya Senthilraj

Keyword(s):

Glycemic Control ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Carbon Chain ◽

Diabetic Control ◽

Review Article ◽

Clinical Usefulness ◽

Short Term ◽

Diagnostic Usefulness ◽

Research Findings ◽

Short Time

1,5 AG is a six carbon chain monosaccharide and is one of the major polyols present in humans. The approximate normal levels of 1,5AG are about 20 -40 µg/mL. The main source of 1,5AG is diet containing carbohydrates, and this 1,5AG undergoes similar metabolic pathways like other saccharides and is distributed in all organs and tissues. Once DM is confirmed and treatment initiated, it is important to monitor glycemic control at regular intervals of time. While HbA1c has been used as a gold standard to monitor diabetic control during the preceding 2-3 months, GA and FA were used to monitor short time glycemic control. But none of the above three serves to monitor glycemic excursion after meals. 1,5AG has been emerging as an alternative short-term diabetic control monitoring marker to assess short term glycemic excursions. 1,5 AG has also been found to be useful to monitor CVD, CLD patients as well in the clinical usefulness of subtypes of DM. This review article gives a condensed version of research findings during the last two decades and will be very useful for future researchers to expand the clinical usefulness of 1,5AG in other areas of human health.

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Unraveling the Metabolic Routes of Retapamulin: Insights into Drug Development of Pleuromutilins

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.02388-17 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Feifei Sun ◽

Huiyan Zhang ◽

Gerard Bryan Gonzales ◽

Jinhui Zhou ◽

Yi Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cytochrome P450 ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Enzyme Inhibitors ◽

Side Chain ◽

Cytochrome P450 Enzyme ◽

Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽

Short Term ◽

P450 Enzyme

ABSTRACT Retapamulin, a semisynthetic pleuromutilin derivative, is exclusively used for the topical short-term medication of impetigo and staphylococcal infections. In the present study, we report that retapamulin is adequately and rapidly metabolized in vitro via various metabolic pathways, such as hydroxylation, including mono-, di-, and trihydroxylation, and demethylation. Like tiamulin and valnemulin, the major metabolic routes of retapamulin were hydroxylation at the 2β and 8α positions of the mutilin moiety. Moreover, in vivo metabolism concurred with the results of the in vitro assays. Additionally, we observed significant interspecies differences in the metabolism of retapamulin. Until now, modifying the side chain was the mainstream method for new drug discovery of the pleuromutilins. This approach, however, could not resolve the low bioavailability and short efficacy of the drugs. Considering the rapid metabolism of the pleuromutilins mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes, we propose that blocking the active metabolic site (C-2 and C-8 motif) or administering the drug in combination with cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitors is a promising pathway in the development of novel pleuromutilin drugs with slow metabolism and long efficacy.

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