Pretest and Post-test Probabilities of Diagnoses of Rectal Evacuation Disorders Based on Symptoms, Rectal Exam, and Basic Tests: a Systematic Review

ObjectivesTo determine the diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for cam or pincer morphology in individuals with suspected femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome and to evaluate their clinical utility.DesignA systematic review of studies investigating the diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for cam and pincer morphology.Data sourcesPubMed, Embase, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesStudies investigating the diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for cam, pincer or mixed morphology in symptomatic patients. Patients had to undergo an index test and a reference test able to identify cam or pincer morphology. Study results have to allow the calculation of true or false positives and/or negatives to calculate sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios (LR) and post-test probabilities.ResultsEight studies were included, investigating 17 tests and two test combinations. The studies reported a low specificity for all tests, ranging from 0.11 to 0.56. Sensitivity ranged from 0.11 to 1.00, with high sensitivities for the flexion-adduction-internal rotation (FADIR), foot progression angle walking (FPAW) and maximal squat tests. We estimated that negative test results on all of these three tests would result in a negative LR of 0.15. However, we judged the studies to provide low-quality evidence.ConclusionThere is low-quality evidence that negative test results reduce the post-test probability of cam or mixed morphologies and that consecutive testing with the FADIR, FPAW and maximal squat tests might be used as a clinical test combination. We would not recommend their use to confirm the diagnosis of FAI syndrome.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018079116.

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Impact of thyroid nodule size on prevalence and post-test probability of malignancy: A systematic review

The Laryngoscope ◽

10.1002/lary.24784 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 125 (1) ◽

pp. 263-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Jennifer J. Shin ◽

Diana Caragacianu ◽

Gregory W. Randolph

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Thyroid Nodule ◽

Nodule Size ◽

Post Test ◽

Post Test Probability ◽

Test Probability

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Developing and training mental toughness in sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and pre-test and post-test experiments

BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine ◽

10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000747 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. e000747 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andreas Stamatis ◽

Peter Grandjean ◽

Grant Morgan ◽

Robert Noah Padgett ◽

Richard Cowden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Self Report ◽

Mental Toughness ◽

Single Subject ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Post Test ◽

Psychology Literature ◽

Training Programmes ◽

Quality Assessments

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of interventions designed to train and develop mental toughness (MT) in sport.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesJournal articles, conference papers and doctoral theses indexed in Embase, Scopus, PubMed and SPORTDiscus from inception to 22 November 2019.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesObservational and pre–post experimental designs on the efficacy of physical and/or psychological interventions designed to promote MT in athletes.ResultsA total of 12 studies, published between 2005 and 2019, were included in the review. A majority of the studies included a sample comprised exclusively of male athletes (54.55%), MT interventions were primarily psychological (83.33%) and most studies measured MT via self-report (75%). The Psychological Performance Inventory (25%), the Mental Toughness Questionnaire-48 (16.67%), and the Mental, Emotional and Bodily Toughness Inventory (16.67%) were the most popular inventories used to measure MT. Methodological quality assessments for controlled intervention studies (k=7), single group pre-test–post-test designs (k=4) and single-subject designs (k=1) indicated that the risk of bias was high in most (75%) of the studies. The meta-analysis involving k=10 studies revealed a large effect (d=0.80, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.28), with variability across studies estimated at 0.56.ConclusionAlthough the findings of this review suggest there are effective, empirically based interventions designed to train MT in sport, practitioners should be aware of the level of validity of intervention research before adopting any of the MT training programmes reported in the applied sport psychology literature.

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Patient Safety and Pro Re Nata Prescription and Administration: A Systematic Review

Pharmacy ◽

10.3390/pharmacy6030095 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 95 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mojtaba Vaismoradi ◽

Sara Amaniyan ◽

Sue Jordan

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Practice Guideline ◽

Safety Issues ◽

Psychotropic Medicines ◽

Routine Administration ◽

Post Test ◽

Comparison Groups ◽

Pro Re Nata ◽

Practice Variations

PRN is the acronym for ‘pro re nata,’ written against prescriptions whose administration should be based on patients’ needs, rather than at set times. The aim of this systematic review was to explore safety issues and adverse events arising from PRN prescription and administration. Electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed [including Medline], Embase, Cinahl, Web of Science and ProQuest were systematically searched to retrieve articles published from 2005 to 2017. Selection criteria: we included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and studies with comparison groups, comparing PRN prescription and administration with scheduled administration, where safety issues and adverse events were reported. The authors independently assessed titles, abstracts and full-texts of retrieved studies based on inclusion criteria and risk of bias. Results were summarised narratively. The search identified 7699 articles. Title, abstract and full-text appraisals yielded 5 articles. The included studies were RCTs with one exception, a pre-test post-test experimental design. Patient populations, interventions and outcomes varied. Studies compared patient-controlled or routine administration with PRN and one trial assessed the effect of a practice guideline on implementation of PRN administration. More analgesia was administered in the patient-controlled than the PRN arms but pain reduction was similar. However, there was little difference in administration of psychotropic medicines. No differences between patient-controlled and PRN groups were reported for adverse events. The PRN practice guideline improved PRN patient education but non-documentation of PRN administration increased. This systematic review suggests that PRN safety issues and adverse events are an under-researched area of healthcare practice. Variations in the interventions, outcomes and clinical areas make it difficult to judge the overall quality of the evidence. Well-designed RCTs are needed to identify any safety issues and adverse events associated with PRN administration.

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Evaluation of Mixed reality in undergraduate nursing education. A systematic review

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckab165.312 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (Supplement_3) ◽

Author(s):

I Aguinaga-Ontoso ◽

L Guillen-Aguinaga ◽

S Guillen-Aguinaga

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Nursing Education ◽

Nursing Students ◽

Mixed Reality ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Control Group ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Undergraduate Nursing ◽

Post Test ◽

Meta Analyses

Abstract Background Mixed Reality is becoming more widespread in the training of nursing students because it allows students to face situations that are difficult to manage or that rarely occur in their practice, but for which they must be prepared. Our objective is to evaluate whether mixed reality improves nursing students' learning outcomes and satisfaction compared to simulation. Material and methods This systematic review was performed according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) The generic keywords used were “(nurses OR nurse OR nursing) AND mixed reality AND simulation”. The literature search was carried out in the PubMed and CINAHL databases between 2011 and 2021. After the review, 4 references were selected. Based on the study title and abstract, two independent authors selected potential. Whenever a study meets the inclusion criteria, the authors access the full text. To assess potential bias, all studies included in the review were evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale Results The search produced 54 papers but after reviewing only 4 were selected. Two studies were pretest post-test with a control group, while the other 2 were post-test only with no control group. Mixed reality was used in several settings (Maternal Health, Mental Health, CPR, and hospital ward) to increase the realism of simulations, increase confidence, reduce anxiety and stress of students in clinical situations. The results of the studies are contradictory, with poor quality studies showing positive effects, while studies with better quality and design showed poorer results. Conclusions Mixed reality is a very recent technique in nursing education. It is necessary to carry out well-designed studies of adequate size to evaluate in which contexts it is effective. Key messages Mixed reality is an emerging technology in education, but very few evaluations have been conducted. It is necessary to carry out well-designed studies to evaluateif Mixed reality it is effective in nursing education.

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Tumour profiling tests to guide adjuvant chemotherapy decisions in early breast cancer: a systematic review and economic analysis

Health Technology Assessment ◽

10.3310/hta23300 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (30) ◽

pp. 1-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sue Harnan ◽

Paul Tappenden ◽

Katy Cooper ◽

John Stevens ◽

Alice Bessey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Health Economic ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Economic Analysis ◽

Health Economic Analysis ◽

Node Negative ◽

Post Test ◽

Patient Subgroups ◽

Risk Of Relapse

BackgroundBreast cancer and its treatment can have an impact on health-related quality of life and survival. Tumour profiling tests aim to identify whether or not women need chemotherapy owing to their risk of relapse.ObjectivesTo conduct a systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the tumour profiling tests oncotypeDX®(Genomic Health, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA), MammaPrint®(Agendia, Inc., Amsterdam, the Netherlands), Prosigna®(NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA), EndoPredict®(Myriad Genetics Ltd, London, UK) and immunohistochemistry 4 (IHC4). To develop a health economic model to assess the cost-effectiveness of these tests compared with clinical tools to guide the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in early-stage breast cancer from the perspective of the NHS and Personal Social Services.DesignA systematic review and health economic analysis were conducted.Review methodsThe systematic review was partially an update of a 2013 review. Nine databases were searched in February 2017. The review included studies assessing clinical effectiveness in people with oestrogen receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, stage I or II cancer with zero to three positive lymph nodes. The economic analysis included a review of existing analyses and the development of a de novo model.ResultsA total of 153 studies were identified. Only one completed randomised controlled trial (RCT) using a tumour profiling test in clinical practice was identified: Microarray In Node-negative Disease may Avoid ChemoTherapy (MINDACT) for MammaPrint. Other studies suggest that all the tests can provide information on the risk of relapse; however, results were more varied in lymph node-positive (LN+) patients than in lymph node-negative (LN0) patients. There is limited and varying evidence that oncotypeDX and MammaPrint can predict benefit from chemotherapy. The net change in the percentage of patients with a chemotherapy recommendation or decision pre/post test ranged from an increase of 1% to a decrease of 23% among UK studies and a decrease of 0% to 64% across European studies. The health economic analysis suggests that the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for the tests versus current practice are broadly favourable for the following scenarios: (1) oncotypeDX, for the LN0 subgroup with a Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) of > 3.4 and the one to three positive lymph nodes (LN1–3) subgroup (if a predictive benefit is assumed); (2) IHC4 plus clinical factors (IHC4+C), for all patient subgroups; (3) Prosigna, for the LN0 subgroup with a NPI of > 3.4 and the LN1–3 subgroup; (4) EndoPredict Clinical, for the LN1–3 subgroup only; and (5) MammaPrint, for no subgroups.LimitationsThere was only one completed RCT using a tumour profiling test in clinical practice. Except for oncotypeDX in the LN0 group with a NPI score of > 3.4 (clinical intermediate risk), evidence surrounding pre- and post-test chemotherapy probabilities is subject to considerable uncertainty. There is uncertainty regarding whether or not oncotypeDX and MammaPrint are predictive of chemotherapy benefit. The MammaPrint analysis uses a different data source to the other four tests. The Translational substudy of the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (TransATAC) study (used in the economic modelling) has a number of limitations.ConclusionsThe review suggests that all the tests can provide prognostic information on the risk of relapse; results were more varied in LN+ patients than in LN0 patients. There is limited and varying evidence that oncotypeDX and MammaPrint are predictive of chemotherapy benefit. Health economic analyses indicate that some tests may have a favourable cost-effectiveness profile for certain patient subgroups; all estimates are subject to uncertainty. More evidence is needed on the prediction of chemotherapy benefit, long-term impacts and changes in UK pre-/post-chemotherapy decisions.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42017059561.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

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Gambaran Penurunan Nyeri pada Penderita Plantar Fasciitis Sebelum dan Sesudah Pemberian Modalitas Ultrasound : Literature Review

Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kesehatan ◽

10.48144/prosiding.v1i.930 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 1770-1776

Author(s):

Nanda Alvi Saida ◽

Lia Dwi Prafitri

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Visual Analogue Scale ◽

Literature Review ◽

Plantar Fasciitis ◽

Analogue Scale ◽

Pain Reduction ◽

Google Scholar ◽

Post Test ◽

Average Pain ◽

Review Study

AbstractPlantar fasciitis is an example of one of the problems in the field of musculoskeletal physiotherapy. It is estimated that 10% of the general population will develop plantar fasciitis in their lifetime. The highest incidence of plantar fasciitis is between the ages of 40 and 65 years. Ultrasound modality is a therapeutic tool that helps increase blood vessels, aims to repair damaged tissue, the frequency used in therapy is between 1-3 MHz. This literature review study aims to determine the description of ultrasound modality to reduce plantar pain in plantar fasciitis patients. The selection of articles in this study used the PICO mnemonic. This article search used literature search through Google Scholar (2), PubMed (1), Science Direct (1) dan Sage Journal (1). Inclusion and exclusion criteria according to keywords, published from 2010-2021, articles in full text and not a systematic review. The results of a literature review of 5 articles showed that the ultrasound modality was proven to reduce plantar pain with an average pain reduction using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before and before intervention with a pre-test value of 6.06 and a post-test of 3.33 and got the average difference in pain reduction is 2.73. The literature review study shows that women are more dominant in experiencing plantar fasciitis in the number of 117 people (62.6%), the average age of those experiencing plantar fasciitis is 49.8 years. This research can be used as a basis for the development of the physiotherapy profession, on the problem of reducing plantar pain in plantar fasciitis patients with ultrasound modality intervention.Keywords: Pain; plantar fasciitis; ultrasound AbstrakPlantar fasciitis merupakan contoh dari salah satu kasus masalah dibidang fisioterapi musculoskeletal. Diperkirakan 10% dari populasi umum akan menderita plantar fasciitis dalam hidupnya. Insiden plantar fasciitis tertinggi adalah diantara rentang usia 40 dan 65 tahun. Modalitas ultrasound merupakan alat terapi yang membantu meningkatkan pembuluh darah, bertujuan untuk memperbaiki jaringan yang mengalami kerusakan, frekuensi yang digunakan dalam terapi antara 1-3 MHz Penelitian literature review ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran modalitas ultrasound terhadap penurunan nyeri pada plantaris pada penderita plantar fasciitis. Pemilihan artikel pada penelitian ini menggunakan mnemonic PICO. Penelusuran artikel ini menggunakan penelusuran literature melalui Google Scholar (2), PubMed (1), Science Direct (1) dan Sage Journal (1). Kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi sesuai dengan kata kunci, dipublikasi dari rentan waktu 2010-2021, artikel dalam teks lengkap dan bukan systematic review. Hasil literature review 5 artikel menunjukan bahwa modalitas ultrasound terbukti mengurangi nyeri pada plantaris dengan hasil rata- rata penurunan nyeri dengan alat ukur Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Sebelum dan sesudah intervensi dengan nilai pre test 6,06 dan post test 3,33 dan mendapatkan rata-rata selisih penurunan nyeri 2,73. Studi literature review menunjukan perempuan lebih mendominasi mengalami plantar fasciitis sejumlah 117 orang (62,6%), rata-rata usia yang mengalami plantar fasciitis usia 49,8 tahun. Study literatur review menunjukan bahwa modalitas ultrasound berpengaruh terhadap penurunan nyeri plantaris pada penderita plantar fasciitis. Penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai dasar dari pengembangan profesi fisioterapi, pada masalah penurunan nyeri pada plantaris pada penderitas plantar fasciitis dengan intervensi modalitas ultrasound.Kata kunci : Nyeri; plantar fasciitis; ultrasound

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A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials Evaluating Interventions Following Non-Marital Relationship Separation

Journal of Relationships Research ◽

10.1017/jrr.2017.7 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dominique Kazan ◽

Alison L. Calear ◽

Philip J. Batterham

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Group Intervention ◽

Marital Relationship ◽

Mental Health Outcomes ◽

Future Research ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

Post Test ◽

The Impact

The effect of a relationship separation on wellbeing is substantial. However, without divorce parameters, individuals in dating or cohabiting relationships may struggle to access support mechanisms. A systematic review was conducted to identify controlled trials of interventions targeting individuals who have experienced a non-marital relationship separation, to supplement the divorce literature. The aim of the review was to assess the impact of these interventions on mental health. Five articles were identified through PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and Medline databases. Overall, two of the trials reported a significant improvement in specific mental health outcomes at post-test and/or follow-up. Of the two trials demonstrating efficacy in mental health outcomes, one used a weekly, forgiveness-based group intervention and the other was a writing-based, self-initiated intervention. A lack of trials testing theory-driven interventions for relationship separation is of particular concern. Limitations of the existing literature and corresponding directions for future research are discussed.

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Is neutrophil CD11b a special marker for the early diagnosis of sepsis in neonates? A systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025222 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. e025222 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xia Qiu ◽

Jinhui Li ◽

Xiaoyan Yang ◽

Jun Tang ◽

Jing Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Likelihood Ratio ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Positive Likelihood Ratio ◽

Negative Likelihood Ratio ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Post Test ◽

Sensitivity Specificity

ObjectivesOur study aimed to synthesise and analyse the early diagnostic value of neutrophil CD11b (nCD11b) for neonatal sepsis.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsPubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science Databases were searched up to June 2018. We used Stata software (V.14.0) to conduct the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic OR (DOR), pretest probability, post-test probability and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve for diagnostic efficiency of n CD11b.ResultsNine studies, accounting for 843 neonates, were included. The overall pooled sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, DOR, post-test positive probability and post-test negative probability and the area under the SROC curve were 0.82 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.90), 0.93 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.99), 11.51 (95% CI 1.55 to 85.62), 0.19 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.36), 59.50 (95% CI 4.65 to 761.58), 74%, 5% and 0.90, which had accuracy in diagnosing neonatal sepsis.ConclusionThe present evidence indicated that nCD11b is a promising biomarker for the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.

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Interventions that prevent or reduce obesity in children from birth to five years of age: A systematic review

Journal of Child Health Care ◽

10.1177/1367493520917863 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 136749352091786 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katia Narzisi ◽

Joan Simons

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Childhood Obesity ◽

Family Involvement ◽

Healthcare Setting ◽

Future Research ◽

Home Based ◽

Post Test ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Randomised Controlled ◽

Multicomponent Interventions

Childhood obesity worldwide affects 5.6% or 38.3 million children under five years of age. The longer children are overweight or obese, the more likely they are to become obese adults with all the contingent morbidity involved. An extensive number of preventive interventions to combat childhood obesity have been carried out worldwide. This article reports a systematic review of interventions aimed to reducing or preventing obesity under-fives. The search was performed with six different databases: Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane, PubMed, Medline, and CINAHL. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were independently assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. Thirty studies involving 23,185 children across nine countries were included. Twenty-two were randomised controlled trials, and 8 quasi-experimental pretest/post-test design with comparison. These studies fell into four different categories: home-based interventions with family involvement ( n = 12), preschool/early childhood settings ( n = 9), multicomponent interventions across multiple settings ( n = 6) and healthcare setting ( n = 3). Future research should focus on increasing the accessibility of education on diet and physical activity for deprived families as well as the cultural acceptability of interventions to prevent childhood obesity.

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