A new generation low-cost biochar-clay composite ‘biscuit’ ceramic filter for point-of-use water treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 105409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nhamo Chaukura ◽  
Robert Chiworeso ◽  
Willis Gwenzi ◽  
Machawe M. Motsa ◽  
Wisdom Munzeiwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
New Generation

Antibacterial silver-diatomite nanocomposite ceramic with low silver release

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 633-643
Author(s):  
Xiaopeng Qi ◽  
Junwei Chen ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Hui Yang ◽  
Honghui Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Ceramic Filters ◽  
X Ray ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Silver Release

Abstract There is an urgent need for an effective and long-lasting ceramic filter for point-of-use water treatment. In this study, silver-diatomite nanocomposite ceramic filters were developed by an easy and effective method. The ceramic filters have a three-dimensional interconnected pore structure and porosity of 50.85%. Characterizations of the silver-diatomite nanocomposite ceramic filters were performed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Silver nanoparticles were confirmed to be formed in situ in the ceramic filter. The highest silver concentration in water was 0.24 μg/L and 2.1 μg/L in short- and long-term experiments, indicating very low silver-release properties of silver-diatomite nanocomposite ceramic filter. The nanocomposite ceramics show strong bactericidal activity. When contact time with Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) of 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL exceeded 3 h, the bactericidal rates of the four different silver content ceramics against E. coli and S. aureus were all 100%. Strong bactericidal effect against E. coli with initial concentration of 109 CFU/mL were also observed in ceramic newly obtained and ceramic immersed in water for 270 days, demonstrating its high stability. The silver-diatomite nanocomposite ceramic filters could be a promising candidate for point-of-use water treatment.

scholarly journals Use of ceramic pot filter (CPF) technology under pressure in an in-line pumping system

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-852
Author(s):  
Travis D. Gardner ◽  
Joe D. Guggenberger
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Logarithmic Reduction

Abstract Ceramic pot filters (CPFs) are an effective point of use water treatment device in developing nations due to their low cost and effectiveness. CPFs are gravity fed, typically making water production a major limiting factor to a CPF's lifetime and acceptability. Directly connecting CPFs to in-line pumping systems or systems with an elevated storage tank would allow filter usage for constant water treatment at increased pressures, increasing the quantity of treated water. Ceramic disks were manufactured for testing in a specially designed housing apparatus. Filters of varying thicknesses and clay to sawdust mass ratios were manufactured to fit tightly. Flowrate and microbiological removal efficacy (logarithmic reduction value (LRV)) were determined over the testing period at various pressures. Flowrate values ranged from 2.44 to 9.04 L per hour, significantly higher than traditional CPF technology. LRVs ranged from 1.1 to 2.0, lower than traditional CPF technology but still effective at removing most Escherichia coli and total coliform bacteria. Filters proved effective at removing total and fecal coliforms at pressures less than 70 kilopascals. The optimum filter had a thickness of 3.2 cm and clay to sawdust ratio of 6:1 by mass. Filters proved to be ineffective if flowrates were above 5 L/h.

Morphology, composition and performance of a ceramic filter for household water treatment in Indonesia

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Matthies ◽  
H. Bitter ◽  
N. Deobald ◽  
M. Heinle ◽  
R. Diedel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
World Health ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Health Organization

People in rural developing areas often depend on point-of-use water treatment for safe drinking water. A very popular and efficient technology for this is the use of ceramic filters, as promoted by the non-governmental organization Potters for Peace. These filters are already used in many countries worldwide, including Indonesia, where they are manufactured in Bandung, Java by Pelita Indonesia. The filters are made of local clay and combustible material, and coated with silver after firing. However, data available on them are very scarce. The structure, composition, and physico-chemical and microbiological performance of the filter were examined. Pore sizes mostly ranged from 1 to 40 µm and flow rate was about 1.3 L/h. Silver, arsenic and manganese were leaching from the filter in remarkable concentrations. While values for silver were about 0.01–0.02 mg/L, manganese was washed out after a few liters and leaching of arsenic fell below 0.02 mg/L after filtering some liters. With a log reduction of 3–5, efficiency in bacteria reduction was satisfactory in contrast to virus removal which was not sufficient according to the World Health Organization guidelines, with a log reduction below 1.

scholarly journals Factors involved in sustained use of point-of-use water disinfection methods: a field study from Flores Island, Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Roma ◽  
T. Bond ◽  
P. Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Sustained Use

Many scientific studies have suggested that point-of-use water treatment can improve water quality and reduce the risk of infectious diseases. Despite the ease of use and relatively low cost of such methods, experience shows the potential benefits derived from provision of such systems depend on recipients' acceptance of the technology and its sustained use. To date, few contributions have addressed the problem of user experience in the post-implementation phase. This can diagnose challenges, which undermine system longevity and its sustained use. A qualitative evaluation of two household water treatment systems, solar disinfection (SODIS) and chlorine tablets (Aquatabs), in three villages was conducted by using a diagnostic tool focusing on technology performance and experience. Cross-sectional surveys and in-depth interviews were used to investigate perceptions of involved stakeholders (users, implementers and local government). Results prove that economic and functional factors were significant in using SODIS, whilst perceptions of economic, taste and odour components were important in Aquatabs use. Conclusions relate to closing the gap between factors that technology implementers and users perceive as key to the sustained deployment of point-of-use disinfection technologies.

scholarly journals Impact of Low-Cost Point-of-Use Water Treatment Technologies on Enteric Infections and Growth among Children in Limpopo, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 1405-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney L. Hill ◽  
Kelly McCain ◽  
Mzwakhe E. Nyathi ◽  
Joshua N. Edokpayi ◽  
David M. Kahler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Treatment Technologies

Efficacy of ceramic water purifiers coated with colloidal Ag doped TiO2 against polyaromatic hydrocarbons and pathogens in Sierra Leone

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
M. L. Hansen ◽  
A. Vieira ◽  
B. Antizar-Ladislao
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Simple Point ◽  
Doped Tio2 ◽  
Point Of Use

With the urgency and demand for access to safe drinking water still present across the developing world this paper assesses the potential for combining the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) doped with silver (Ag) with the ceramic water purifier (CWP), a simple point of use water treatment device developed by Potters for Peace. The aim of the work is to provide a low cost, low energy and low environmental impact water treatment solution, suitable for use in rural and peri-urban Sierra Leone. The ability of TiO2 and colloidal Ag to remove humic substances, ubiquitous organic contaminants (PAHs) and pathogens in solution and as a CWP coating has been investigated under similar conditions to those found in Sierra Leone. This study showed an almost complete removal of Escherichia coli using TiO2, Ag or Ag doped TiO2 coatings (>99%); a high removal (80%) of PAHs in the permeate by CWP coated with Ag doped TiO2, and a removal of 40 and 60% HA in the permeate by CWP coated with Ag and TiO2, respectively.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of two low cost point-of-use water treatment systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Siwila ◽  
Isobel C Brink
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water System ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Bacterial Removal ◽  
Made In

Abstract The study examined two low-cost point-of-use water treatment systems developed in respect of bacterial and particulate removal when exposed to surface water for three months. Bacterial removal efficiency was estimated using E. coli and fecal coliforms, while particulate reduction efficiency was estimated by determining turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS). The systems investigated were the Gift of Water System (GWS) made in USA and the Drip Filter System (DFS) Model-JW-PD-1-70 made in South Africa. The study included seasonal water quality changes. Both systems recorded 100% bacterial removal throughout the study. Although results show that DFS was slightly better in terms of particulate reduction, both systems removed large proportions of particles from the water. On average TSS removals were 89% and 95%, while turbidity removals were 87% and 94%, by GWS and DFS respectively. The treated water from the two systems compared well with good quality tap water supplied to Stellenbosch University. The results show that both systems can treat the poor quality water used to meet the SANS 241 and WHO guidelines with respect to bacterial and suspended solids content.

scholarly journals Microbiological effectiveness of locally produced ceramic filters for drinking water treatment in Cambodia

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Brown ◽  
Mark D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Ceramic Filters ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations

Low-cost options for the treatment of drinking water at the household level are being explored by the Cambodian government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in Cambodia, where many lack access to improved drinking water sources and diarrhoeal diseases are the most prevalent cause of death in children under 5 years of age. The ceramic water purifier (CWP), a locally produced, low-cost ceramic filter, is now being implemented by several NGOs, and an estimated 100,000 + households in the country now use them for drinking water treatment. Two candidate filters were tested for the reduction of bacterial and viral surrogates for waterborne pathogens using representative Cambodian drinking water sources (rainwater and surface water) spiked with Escherichia coli and bacteriophage MS2. Results indicate that filters were capable of reducing key microbes in the laboratory with mean reductions of E. coli of approximately 99% and mean reduction of bacteriophages of 90–99% over >600 litres throughput. Increased effectiveness was not observed in filters with an AgNO3 amendment. At under US$10 per filter, locally produced ceramic filters may be a promising option for drinking water treatment and safe storage at the household level.

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