Efficacy of ceramic water purifiers coated with colloidal Ag doped TiO2 against polyaromatic hydrocarbons and pathogens in Sierra Leone

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
M. L. Hansen ◽  
A. Vieira ◽  
B. Antizar-Ladislao
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Simple Point ◽  
Doped Tio2 ◽  
Point Of Use

With the urgency and demand for access to safe drinking water still present across the developing world this paper assesses the potential for combining the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) doped with silver (Ag) with the ceramic water purifier (CWP), a simple point of use water treatment device developed by Potters for Peace. The aim of the work is to provide a low cost, low energy and low environmental impact water treatment solution, suitable for use in rural and peri-urban Sierra Leone. The ability of TiO2 and colloidal Ag to remove humic substances, ubiquitous organic contaminants (PAHs) and pathogens in solution and as a CWP coating has been investigated under similar conditions to those found in Sierra Leone. This study showed an almost complete removal of Escherichia coli using TiO2, Ag or Ag doped TiO2 coatings (>99%); a high removal (80%) of PAHs in the permeate by CWP coated with Ag doped TiO2, and a removal of 40 and 60% HA in the permeate by CWP coated with Ag and TiO2, respectively.

scholarly journals Use of ceramic pot filter (CPF) technology under pressure in an in-line pumping system

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-852
Author(s):  
Travis D. Gardner ◽  
Joe D. Guggenberger
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Logarithmic Reduction

Abstract Ceramic pot filters (CPFs) are an effective point of use water treatment device in developing nations due to their low cost and effectiveness. CPFs are gravity fed, typically making water production a major limiting factor to a CPF's lifetime and acceptability. Directly connecting CPFs to in-line pumping systems or systems with an elevated storage tank would allow filter usage for constant water treatment at increased pressures, increasing the quantity of treated water. Ceramic disks were manufactured for testing in a specially designed housing apparatus. Filters of varying thicknesses and clay to sawdust mass ratios were manufactured to fit tightly. Flowrate and microbiological removal efficacy (logarithmic reduction value (LRV)) were determined over the testing period at various pressures. Flowrate values ranged from 2.44 to 9.04 L per hour, significantly higher than traditional CPF technology. LRVs ranged from 1.1 to 2.0, lower than traditional CPF technology but still effective at removing most Escherichia coli and total coliform bacteria. Filters proved effective at removing total and fecal coliforms at pressures less than 70 kilopascals. The optimum filter had a thickness of 3.2 cm and clay to sawdust ratio of 6:1 by mass. Filters proved to be ineffective if flowrates were above 5 L/h.

A new generation low-cost biochar-clay composite ‘biscuit’ ceramic filter for point-of-use water treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 105409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nhamo Chaukura ◽  
Robert Chiworeso ◽  
Willis Gwenzi ◽  
Machawe M. Motsa ◽  
Wisdom Munzeiwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
New Generation

Recent operational experiences of FILMTEC™ NF270 membrane in Europe

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katariina Majamaa ◽  
Justyna Warczok ◽  
Martti Lehtinen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Soft Drink ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Industrial Water ◽  
The Third ◽  
Uf Membranes ◽  
Operation Results

Nanofiltration (NF) is an attractive technology for potable and industrial water treatment because NF operates between ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. NF is designed to remove a high percentage of organic contaminants (humic acids, pesticides, color bodies) while passing a medium to high percentage of salt. Compared to UF membranes, the NF product water quality is significantly better; compared to comparable RO treatment systems NF systems require lower operating pressures. Due to these features, NF is increasingly used in a broad range of water treatment applications. The general applications include softening, as well as color, organics and micro-organism removal. DOW FILMTEC™ NF270-400 is one the most frequently used elements in water treatment and this paper presents examples of three recent NF270-400 installations in Europe. The first two plants, Eupen and Stembert, are located in Belgium and produce potable water from surface water. The third one is a Scandinavian plant which purifies groundwater for a brewery and soft drink production. The presented operation results prove NF to be a highly competitive technique for low cost water treatment.

scholarly journals Factors involved in sustained use of point-of-use water disinfection methods: a field study from Flores Island, Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Roma ◽  
T. Bond ◽  
P. Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Sustained Use

Many scientific studies have suggested that point-of-use water treatment can improve water quality and reduce the risk of infectious diseases. Despite the ease of use and relatively low cost of such methods, experience shows the potential benefits derived from provision of such systems depend on recipients' acceptance of the technology and its sustained use. To date, few contributions have addressed the problem of user experience in the post-implementation phase. This can diagnose challenges, which undermine system longevity and its sustained use. A qualitative evaluation of two household water treatment systems, solar disinfection (SODIS) and chlorine tablets (Aquatabs), in three villages was conducted by using a diagnostic tool focusing on technology performance and experience. Cross-sectional surveys and in-depth interviews were used to investigate perceptions of involved stakeholders (users, implementers and local government). Results prove that economic and functional factors were significant in using SODIS, whilst perceptions of economic, taste and odour components were important in Aquatabs use. Conclusions relate to closing the gap between factors that technology implementers and users perceive as key to the sustained deployment of point-of-use disinfection technologies.

scholarly journals Impact of Low-Cost Point-of-Use Water Treatment Technologies on Enteric Infections and Growth among Children in Limpopo, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 1405-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney L. Hill ◽  
Kelly McCain ◽  
Mzwakhe E. Nyathi ◽  
Joshua N. Edokpayi ◽  
David M. Kahler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Treatment Technologies

scholarly journals Universal WASH coverage; what it takes for fragile states. Case of Jariban district in Somalia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247417
Author(s):  
Wonder Mafuta ◽  
Jethro Zuwarimwe ◽  
Marizvikuru Mwale
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Fragile States ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Point Of Use

The paper assessed access to WASH service in the Jariban district of Somalia. One hundred and sixty-seven households were sampled to administer a questionnaire. Central tendency and logistical regression were used to analyse the data in SPSS 26. The findings show that access to safe drinking water sources is 57.5%. Of the 42.5% of respondents who did not access safe drinking water source, only 10.8% confirmed that they treat drinking water at the point of use. The main reason for household water treatment was the positive mindset (.272) of the household head towards water treatment. The majority (80.2%) of the respondents access approximately 13 litres per person per day. Woman-headed households were more likely to treat water before drinking than male-headed households. Only 26.9% of the respondents accessed basic sanitation. Of the respondents, 55.7% did not share latrines, while 44.3% share resulting in open defecation. WASH access in the study area remains low, resulting in health-related risks, including diarrhoeal disease. The limitation is that the paper only focused on access to WASH facilities in fragile contexts. A cross-sectional analysis of biological, physical and chemical properties of water at the source and point of use is recommended for further research.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of two low cost point-of-use water treatment systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Siwila ◽  
Isobel C Brink
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water System ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Bacterial Removal ◽  
Made In

Abstract The study examined two low-cost point-of-use water treatment systems developed in respect of bacterial and particulate removal when exposed to surface water for three months. Bacterial removal efficiency was estimated using E. coli and fecal coliforms, while particulate reduction efficiency was estimated by determining turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS). The systems investigated were the Gift of Water System (GWS) made in USA and the Drip Filter System (DFS) Model-JW-PD-1-70 made in South Africa. The study included seasonal water quality changes. Both systems recorded 100% bacterial removal throughout the study. Although results show that DFS was slightly better in terms of particulate reduction, both systems removed large proportions of particles from the water. On average TSS removals were 89% and 95%, while turbidity removals were 87% and 94%, by GWS and DFS respectively. The treated water from the two systems compared well with good quality tap water supplied to Stellenbosch University. The results show that both systems can treat the poor quality water used to meet the SANS 241 and WHO guidelines with respect to bacterial and suspended solids content.

scholarly journals ‘Hom’: a simple point of use water treatment device

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-750
Author(s):  
Moses J. Omedi ◽  
Emmanuel C. Kipkorir
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Simple Point ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Yield Trials ◽  
Large Representative ◽  
Water Borne

This study sought to explore a locally assembled ‘Hom’ point of use water treatment device by assessing aspects of its performance and possible effects of using it on compliant households and communities. The conceptual framework highlights poverty and environmental degradation as causes and consequences of one another, with ill-health caused by water-borne diseases reinforcing both to form a cycle. Whether or not the device would play a role in interrupting this cycle depends on its capabilities and acceptance, among other factors. Survey results indicated that the device is acceptable to 84% of respondents. Analysed data collected using questionnaires from 60 randomly sampled pilot device users revealed that it is useful to its users. Yield trials results led to the conclusion that one device unit could provide enough drinking water to satisfy the needs of a large representative household. Laboratory tests of water samples filtered with cartridges used for up to 10 years in the device found the water to be safe for drinking. It is concluded that the device is effective, environmentally friendly and useful to compliant households.

scholarly journals A small-scale low-cost water treatment system for removal of selected heavy metals, bacteria and particles

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 446-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Siwila ◽  
Isobel C. Brink
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Point Of Use

Abstract Two low-cost sand filtration systems incorporating granular activated carbon (GAC) and non-woven geotextile respectively were assessed for Point-of-Use water treatment. Laboratory scale models were evaluated in respect of selected heavy metals, bacterial and particulate removal when exposed to surface water for five months. System 1 (ISSF-1) incorporated GAC and system 2 (ISSF-2) incorporated non-woven geotextile. Filter-mats were placed on the filter surfaces of both systems. Flow rates ranged between 8 and 15 L/h for longer water contact with the GAC and bio-layer. On average, E.coli removals were 96% and 94%, while fecal coliform removals were 96% and 95%, by ISSF-1 and ISSF-2 respectively. Average TSS removals were 98% and 92%, while turbidity removals were 97% and 91%, by ISSF-1 and ISSF-2 respectively. Average metal removals were: Arsenic (21%), Cadmium (82%), Lead (36%), Iron (65%) and Manganese (94%) by ISSF-1, Arsenic (17%), Cadmium (<LoD), Lead (<LoD), Iron (92%) and Manganese (98%) by ISSF-2. Both models consistently met turbidity guideline (5 NTU) and can remove significant amounts of particles. Both systems can treat the poor-quality water used to provide relatively safe water and could be improved further for heavy metal removal. However, to guarantee continued safe-water supply, supplementary treatment by chlorination is recommended.

scholarly journals Comparison of five point-of-use drinking water technologies using a specialized comparison framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Siwila ◽  
Isobel C. Brink
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Bacterial Removal ◽  
Comparison Results

Abstract Three novel and two commercially available low-cost point-of-use (PoU) water treatment technologies were comparatively evaluated using a specialized comparison framework targeted at them. The comparison results and specialized framework have been discussed. The PoU systems were evaluated principally in terms of performance, flow rate and cost per volume of water treated (quantitatively), ease of use, potential acceptability and material availability (qualitatively) with main focus on rural and suburban settings. The three novel systems assessed were developed in an ongoing research project aimed at developing a multibarrier low-cost PoU water treatment system. The comparative evaluation and analysis revealed that the commercially available systems may often produce water free of pathogens (with an apparent 100% removal for Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms) but may not be affordable for application to the poorest groups in much of the developing world. The novel systems, which were principally constructed from local materials, were more affordable, can supply relatively safe water and can be constructed by users with minimal training. Overall, bacterial removal effectiveness, ease of use, flow rate, material availability, cost and acceptability aspects of water were identified as key to potential adoption and sustainability of the evaluated low-cost PoU systems.

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