scholarly journals Comparative analysis of two low cost point-of-use water treatment systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Siwila ◽  
Isobel C Brink
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water System ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Bacterial Removal ◽  
Made In

Abstract The study examined two low-cost point-of-use water treatment systems developed in respect of bacterial and particulate removal when exposed to surface water for three months. Bacterial removal efficiency was estimated using E. coli and fecal coliforms, while particulate reduction efficiency was estimated by determining turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS). The systems investigated were the Gift of Water System (GWS) made in USA and the Drip Filter System (DFS) Model-JW-PD-1-70 made in South Africa. The study included seasonal water quality changes. Both systems recorded 100% bacterial removal throughout the study. Although results show that DFS was slightly better in terms of particulate reduction, both systems removed large proportions of particles from the water. On average TSS removals were 89% and 95%, while turbidity removals were 87% and 94%, by GWS and DFS respectively. The treated water from the two systems compared well with good quality tap water supplied to Stellenbosch University. The results show that both systems can treat the poor quality water used to meet the SANS 241 and WHO guidelines with respect to bacterial and suspended solids content.

scholarly journals Comparison of five point-of-use drinking water technologies using a specialized comparison framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Siwila ◽  
Isobel C. Brink
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Bacterial Removal ◽  
Comparison Results

Abstract Three novel and two commercially available low-cost point-of-use (PoU) water treatment technologies were comparatively evaluated using a specialized comparison framework targeted at them. The comparison results and specialized framework have been discussed. The PoU systems were evaluated principally in terms of performance, flow rate and cost per volume of water treated (quantitatively), ease of use, potential acceptability and material availability (qualitatively) with main focus on rural and suburban settings. The three novel systems assessed were developed in an ongoing research project aimed at developing a multibarrier low-cost PoU water treatment system. The comparative evaluation and analysis revealed that the commercially available systems may often produce water free of pathogens (with an apparent 100% removal for Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms) but may not be affordable for application to the poorest groups in much of the developing world. The novel systems, which were principally constructed from local materials, were more affordable, can supply relatively safe water and can be constructed by users with minimal training. Overall, bacterial removal effectiveness, ease of use, flow rate, material availability, cost and acceptability aspects of water were identified as key to potential adoption and sustainability of the evaluated low-cost PoU systems.

scholarly journals Use of ceramic pot filter (CPF) technology under pressure in an in-line pumping system

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-852
Author(s):  
Travis D. Gardner ◽  
Joe D. Guggenberger
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Logarithmic Reduction

Abstract Ceramic pot filters (CPFs) are an effective point of use water treatment device in developing nations due to their low cost and effectiveness. CPFs are gravity fed, typically making water production a major limiting factor to a CPF's lifetime and acceptability. Directly connecting CPFs to in-line pumping systems or systems with an elevated storage tank would allow filter usage for constant water treatment at increased pressures, increasing the quantity of treated water. Ceramic disks were manufactured for testing in a specially designed housing apparatus. Filters of varying thicknesses and clay to sawdust mass ratios were manufactured to fit tightly. Flowrate and microbiological removal efficacy (logarithmic reduction value (LRV)) were determined over the testing period at various pressures. Flowrate values ranged from 2.44 to 9.04 L per hour, significantly higher than traditional CPF technology. LRVs ranged from 1.1 to 2.0, lower than traditional CPF technology but still effective at removing most Escherichia coli and total coliform bacteria. Filters proved effective at removing total and fecal coliforms at pressures less than 70 kilopascals. The optimum filter had a thickness of 3.2 cm and clay to sawdust ratio of 6:1 by mass. Filters proved to be ineffective if flowrates were above 5 L/h.

A novel low-cost multi-barrier system for drinking water treatment in rural and suburban areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Siwila ◽  
Isobel C. Brink
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Granular Media ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water System ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Novel Concept

Abstract A low-cost multi-barrier drinking water system incorporating geotextile fabric for pre-filtration, silver-coated ceramic granular media (SCCGM) for filtration and disinfection, granular activated carbon (GAC) as an adsorption media and a safe storage compartment for treated water has been developed and tested. The developed system offers a novel concept of point-of-use drinking water treatment in rural and suburban areas of developing countries. The system is primarily aimed at bacterial and aesthetic improvement and has been optimised to produce >99.99% E. coli and fecal coliforms removal. Although particular emphasis was placed on the elimination of bacteria, improvement of the acceptability aspects of water was also given high priority so that users are not motivated to use more appealing but potentially unsafe sources. This paper discusses key system features and contaminant removal performance. A system using SCCGM only was also tested alongside the multi-barrier system. Strengths and weaknesses of the system are also presented. Both the developed and SCCGM-only systems consistently provided >99.99% E. coli and fecal coliforms removal at an optimum flow of 2 L/h. The developed system significantly recorded improvements of aesthetic aspects (turbidity, color, taste and odor). Average turbidity removals were 99.2% and 90.2% by the multi-barrier and SCCGM-only systems respectively.

scholarly journals A small-scale low-cost water treatment system for removal of selected heavy metals, bacteria and particles

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 446-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Siwila ◽  
Isobel C. Brink
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Point Of Use

Abstract Two low-cost sand filtration systems incorporating granular activated carbon (GAC) and non-woven geotextile respectively were assessed for Point-of-Use water treatment. Laboratory scale models were evaluated in respect of selected heavy metals, bacterial and particulate removal when exposed to surface water for five months. System 1 (ISSF-1) incorporated GAC and system 2 (ISSF-2) incorporated non-woven geotextile. Filter-mats were placed on the filter surfaces of both systems. Flow rates ranged between 8 and 15 L/h for longer water contact with the GAC and bio-layer. On average, E.coli removals were 96% and 94%, while fecal coliform removals were 96% and 95%, by ISSF-1 and ISSF-2 respectively. Average TSS removals were 98% and 92%, while turbidity removals were 97% and 91%, by ISSF-1 and ISSF-2 respectively. Average metal removals were: Arsenic (21%), Cadmium (82%), Lead (36%), Iron (65%) and Manganese (94%) by ISSF-1, Arsenic (17%), Cadmium (<LoD), Lead (<LoD), Iron (92%) and Manganese (98%) by ISSF-2. Both models consistently met turbidity guideline (5 NTU) and can remove significant amounts of particles. Both systems can treat the poor-quality water used to provide relatively safe water and could be improved further for heavy metal removal. However, to guarantee continued safe-water supply, supplementary treatment by chlorination is recommended.

scholarly journals Effect of Media Properties on Performance of Sand Filtration for Drain Water Treatment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled A. I. Ismail ◽  
Sayed I. A. Ismail ◽  
Ahmed S. El-Gendy ◽  
Tarek I. M. Sabry
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Drain Water ◽  
Sand Filter

In an attempt to improve the quality of the agricultural drain in Egypt for its reuse again in the irrigation, low cost solution such as sand filter along with/ without other filtration media have been used in this research, As a result of that, pilot plant of sand filter mixed with other filtration media was tested for its ability to improve the sand performance in removing the suspended solids and organic matters from agricultural drain water of the Belbeis drain (in Sharkia governorate in Egypt). Only sand compared with sand with sponge and sand with Liyan Nanfang activated carbon (L.N.A.C) have been tested to find the optimum mixing sand/ medium ratio &optimum infiltration rate. The work has been done on four runs. It was found that sand mixed with sponge gave the best removal efficiency compared to that of the sand only and the sand mixed with L.N.A.C. The results presented that the concentration of CODt, CODsol and TSS was reduced from 125, 47 and 162 mg/l to 44, 34 and 28 mg/l respectively at optimum infiltration rate of 2 m3/m2/d for sand mixed with sponge.

A new generation low-cost biochar-clay composite ‘biscuit’ ceramic filter for point-of-use water treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 105409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nhamo Chaukura ◽  
Robert Chiworeso ◽  
Willis Gwenzi ◽  
Machawe M. Motsa ◽  
Wisdom Munzeiwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
New Generation

scholarly journals Factors involved in sustained use of point-of-use water disinfection methods: a field study from Flores Island, Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Roma ◽  
T. Bond ◽  
P. Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Sustained Use

Many scientific studies have suggested that point-of-use water treatment can improve water quality and reduce the risk of infectious diseases. Despite the ease of use and relatively low cost of such methods, experience shows the potential benefits derived from provision of such systems depend on recipients' acceptance of the technology and its sustained use. To date, few contributions have addressed the problem of user experience in the post-implementation phase. This can diagnose challenges, which undermine system longevity and its sustained use. A qualitative evaluation of two household water treatment systems, solar disinfection (SODIS) and chlorine tablets (Aquatabs), in three villages was conducted by using a diagnostic tool focusing on technology performance and experience. Cross-sectional surveys and in-depth interviews were used to investigate perceptions of involved stakeholders (users, implementers and local government). Results prove that economic and functional factors were significant in using SODIS, whilst perceptions of economic, taste and odour components were important in Aquatabs use. Conclusions relate to closing the gap between factors that technology implementers and users perceive as key to the sustained deployment of point-of-use disinfection technologies.

scholarly journals Effect of Filter Types on Physicochemical Properties, Volatile Compounds, and Sensory Evaluations of Purified Water by Point-of-Use Water Treatment

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1958
Author(s):  
Mi-Ran Kim ◽  
JeongAe Heo ◽  
Sang Sook Kim ◽  
Eui-Cheol Shin ◽  
Chang Guk Boo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sensory Perception ◽  
Consumer Acceptability ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Consumer Testing ◽  
Carbon Filter

This study investigated purified water from four different filter types for removing minerals, anions, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and affecting sensory perception and consumer acceptability. Ultrafiltration (UF), CSM-ultrafiltration (CU), alumina nanofiber (AN), and reverse osmosis (RO) filters were used for a point-of-use water treatment system with a pre-carbon filter (PR) and post-carbon filter (PO). Filters efficiently removed VOCs, which could negatively affect the sensory perception of water. The total VOC concentration of tap water (TW) (14.97 µg/Kg) was reduced by 70% by the PR, 75.3–88.7% by the PR-main filter, and >97% by the PR-RO-PR. Using the polarized sensory position test, the subjects clearly discriminated TW from the samples; however, most of the purified water was not. The difference in the mean ratings of consumer acceptability among the purified samples was <1 except for PR-RO-PO in consumer testing. These results suggested that although there are differences in the capability of different filter types to eliminate minerals, anions, and VOCs, overall consumers did not identify sensory differences among them, and demonstrated similar consumer acceptability of the purified water produced. Simply applying a pre-carbon filter for TW treatment is enough to minimize VOCs, which negatively influence consumer acceptability.

scholarly journals Impact of Low-Cost Point-of-Use Water Treatment Technologies on Enteric Infections and Growth among Children in Limpopo, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 1405-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney L. Hill ◽  
Kelly McCain ◽  
Mzwakhe E. Nyathi ◽  
Joshua N. Edokpayi ◽  
David M. Kahler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Treatment Technologies

Efficacy of ceramic water purifiers coated with colloidal Ag doped TiO2 against polyaromatic hydrocarbons and pathogens in Sierra Leone

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
M. L. Hansen ◽  
A. Vieira ◽  
B. Antizar-Ladislao
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Simple Point ◽  
Doped Tio2 ◽  
Point Of Use

With the urgency and demand for access to safe drinking water still present across the developing world this paper assesses the potential for combining the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) doped with silver (Ag) with the ceramic water purifier (CWP), a simple point of use water treatment device developed by Potters for Peace. The aim of the work is to provide a low cost, low energy and low environmental impact water treatment solution, suitable for use in rural and peri-urban Sierra Leone. The ability of TiO2 and colloidal Ag to remove humic substances, ubiquitous organic contaminants (PAHs) and pathogens in solution and as a CWP coating has been investigated under similar conditions to those found in Sierra Leone. This study showed an almost complete removal of Escherichia coli using TiO2, Ag or Ag doped TiO2 coatings (&gt;99%); a high removal (80%) of PAHs in the permeate by CWP coated with Ag doped TiO2, and a removal of 40 and 60% HA in the permeate by CWP coated with Ag and TiO2, respectively.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document