An incremental feeding pattern for Guangdong Small-ear Spotted gilts during gestation: effects on stillbirth rate and muscle weight of progeny

Activated sludge mixed cultures were cultivated with a glucose containing substrate in order to investigate the relationship between the feeding pattern (continuous or intermittent feeding) and the glycogen reservation capacity of activated sludge. An experimental method to measure the maximum capacity of glycogen reservation in the sludge was developed. Sludge with higher glycogen reservation capacity has an ability to synthesize glycogen faster, which ensures the higher glucose uptake. Therefore, sludge which has high glycogen reservation capacity becomes predominant in intermittently fed reactors. When the feeding pattern was changed from continuous feeding to intermittent feeding, a filamentous bacterium, Type 1701, started to decrease and a gram positive tetrad coccus became predominant. When the feeding pattern was returned to continuous feeding, Type 1701 re-appeared. Type 1701 has lower glycogen reservation capacity than the tetrad coccus. Therefore, the former cannot dominate over the latter in intermittently fed reactors.

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Anaerobic codigester feeding pattern drives long-chain fatty acid bioconversion kinetics and syntrophic community structure

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation ◽

10.2175/193864717821495726 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 (1) ◽

pp. 1186-1201

Author(s):

Ryan M Ziels ◽

David A.C Beck ◽

H. David Stensel

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Chain Fatty Acid ◽

Feeding Pattern ◽

Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽

Long Chain

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EFFECTS OF BREED AND SEX ON THE PATTERNS OF FAT DEPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas80-031 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 223-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

S. D. M. JONES ◽

R. J. RICHMOND ◽

M. A. PRICE ◽

R. B. BERG

Keyword(s):

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Allometric Equation ◽

Muscle Weight ◽

Constant Weight ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Fat Depots ◽

Wide Range ◽

Sex Type ◽

Breed Differences

The growth and distribution of fat from 163 pig carcasses were compared among five breeds (Duroc × Yorkshire (D × Y), Hampshire × Yorkshire (H × Y), Yorkshire (Y × Y), Yorkshire × Lacombe-Yorkshire (Y × L-Y) and Lacombe × Yorkshire (L × Y)) and two sex-types (barrows and gilts) over a wide range in carcass weight. The growth pattern of fat and the fat depots were estimated from the allometric equation (Y = aXb) using side muscle weight and side fat weight separately as independent variables. Growth coefficients (b) for intermuscular and subcutaneous fat depots were similar for the hindquarter but the intermuscular depot coefficient was slightly higher for the forequarter. The coefficient for body cavity fat was highest in all comparisons. No significant differences were detected for coefficients among breeds and between sexes using both total muscle and total side fat as independent variables. Significant breed and sex-type differences were found in the fat depots at a constant weight of side muscle. This would indicate that breed differences in fatness seemed to be more influenced by the initiation of fattening at different muscle weights than by any inherent differences in rate of fattening. Significant breed differences were also found in the fat depots at a constant fat weight, indicating that breed may influence fat distribution. Sex-type had no effect on fat distribution when the evaluation was made at constant fatness.

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Discovery and refinement of muscle weight QTLs in B6 × D2 advanced intercross mice

Physiological Genomics ◽

10.1152/physiolgenomics.00055.2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 46 (16) ◽

pp. 571-582 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

P. Carbonetto ◽

R. Cheng ◽

J. P. Gyekis ◽

C. C. Parker ◽

D. A. Blizard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inbred Strains ◽

Mouse Strains ◽

Missense Mutations ◽

Muscle Weight ◽

Hindlimb Muscles ◽

Hindlimb Muscle ◽

Causal Genes ◽

Snp Panel ◽

Genomic Regions ◽

Genetic Contributions

The genes underlying variation in skeletal muscle mass are poorly understood. Although many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been mapped in crosses of mouse strains, the limited resolution inherent in these conventional studies has made it difficult to reliably pinpoint the causal genetic variants. The accumulated recombination events in an advanced intercross line (AIL), in which mice from two inbred strains are mated at random for several generations, can improve mapping resolution. We demonstrate these advancements in mapping QTLs for hindlimb muscle weights in an AIL ( n = 832) of the C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) strains, generations F8–F13. We mapped muscle weight QTLs using the high-density MegaMUGA SNP panel. The QTLs highlight the shared genetic architecture of four hindlimb muscles and suggest that the genetic contributions to muscle variation are substantially different in males and females, at least in the B6D2 lineage. Out of the 15 muscle weight QTLs identified in the AIL, nine overlapped the genomic regions discovered in an earlier B6D2 F2 intercross. Mapping resolution, however, was substantially improved in our study to a median QTL interval of 12.5 Mb. Subsequent sequence analysis of the QTL regions revealed 20 genes with nonsense or potentially damaging missense mutations. Further refinement of the muscle weight QTLs using additional functional information, such as gene expression differences between alleles, will be important for discerning the causal genes.

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Tart Cherry (Fruit of Prunus cerasus) Concentrated Powder (TCcp) Ameliorates Glucocorticoid-Induced Muscular Atrophy in Mice

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57050485 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (5) ◽

pp. 485

Author(s):

Sae-Kwang Ku ◽

Jong-Min Lim ◽

Hyung-Rae Cho ◽

Khawaja Muhammad Imran Bashir ◽

Young Suk Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽

Muscular Atrophy ◽

Muscle Protein ◽

Oral Treatment ◽

Calf Muscle ◽

Prunus Cerasus ◽

Tart Cherry ◽

Muscle Weight ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Antioxidant Defense Systems

Background and Objectives: The present study investigated the beneficial effects of tart cherry (fruit of Prunus cerasus) concentrated powder (TCcp) on glucocorticoid (GLU)-induced catabolic muscular atrophy in the skeletal muscle of mice. Furthermore, its potential mechanism was also studied. Materials and Methods: Changes in calf thickness, calf muscle weight, calf muscle strength, body weight, gastrocnemius muscle histology, immunohistochemistry, serum creatinine, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and antioxidant defense systems were measured. Malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, glutathione content, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities in the gastrocnemius muscle, and muscle-specific mRNA expressions were evaluated. Results: After 24 days, GLU control mice showed muscular atrophy at all criteria of indexes. The muscular atrophy symptoms were significantly inhibited by oral treatment with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of TCcp through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory modulated expression of genes involved in muscle protein degradation (myostatin, atrogin-1, SIRT1, and MuRF1) and synthesis (A1R, Akt1, TRPV4, and PI3K). Conclusions: This study shows that the TCcp (500 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg) could improve muscular atrophies caused by various etiologies.

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Can Anthropometry and Body Composition Explain Physical Fitness Levels in School-Aged Children?

Children ◽

10.3390/children8060460 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 460

Author(s):

Chih-Yu Hsu ◽

Liang-Sien Chen ◽

I-Jen Chang ◽

Wei-Ching Fang ◽

Sun-Weng Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Z Score ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Muscle Weight ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

School Aged Children

Physical fitness (PF) is closely related to various health outcomes and quality of life among children. However, the associations between anthropometry, body composition (BC), and PF are not fully elucidated. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the associations between demographic metrics (age, sex), anthropometric measures (body mass index z-score (BMI z-score) waist/height ratio (WHtR)), BC parameters (body-fat percentage (BF%), muscle weight), and PF levels (800-m run, sit-and-reach, 1-min sit-ups, standing long jump) in school-aged children. Continuous variables were dichotomized by median splits. The results of 180 girls and 180 boys (mean age: 10.0 ± 0.7 years; mean BMI z-score: 0.366 ± 1.216) were analyzed. Multivariable linear regressions revealed that BF% (regression coefficient (B) = 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.5–4.3) was independently correlated with the 800-m run. Sex (B = 4.6, 95% CI = 3.0–6.3), age (B = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.9–4.3), and BMI z-score (B = −0.7, 95% CI = −1.4–−0.1) were independently related to sit-and-reach. Age (B = 3.3, 95% CI = 2.0–4.7), BF% (B = −0.3, 95% CI = −0.4–−0.2), and muscle weight (B = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.2–1.2) were independently associated with 1-min sit-ups. In addition to demography, anthropometry and BC provided additional information concerning some PF levels in school-aged children. Weight management and PF promotion should be addressed simultaneously in terms of preventive medicine and health promotion for children.

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Magnesium Deficiency Alters Expression of Genes Critical for Muscle Magnesium Homeostasis and Physiology in Mice

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13072169 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 2169

Author(s):

Dominique Bayle ◽

Cécile Coudy-Gandilhon ◽

Marine Gueugneau ◽

Sara Castiglioni ◽

Monica Zocchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽

Magnesium Deficiency ◽

Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Whole Body ◽

Muscle Physiology ◽

Deficient Diet ◽

Muscle Weight ◽

Magnesium Homeostasis ◽

Expression Of Genes

Chronic Mg2+ deficiency is the underlying cause of a broad range of health dysfunctions. As 25% of body Mg2+ is located in the skeletal muscle, Mg2+ transport and homeostasis systems (MgTHs) in the muscle are critical for whole-body Mg2+ homeostasis. In the present study, we assessed whether Mg2+ deficiency alters muscle fiber characteristics and major pathways regulating muscle physiology. C57BL/6J mice received either a control, mildly, or severely Mg2+-deficient diet (0.1%; 0.01%; and 0.003% Mg2+ wt/wt, respectively) for 14 days. Mg2+ deficiency slightly decreased body weight gain and muscle Mg2+ concentrations but was not associated with detectable variations in gastrocnemius muscle weight, fiber morphometry, and capillarization. Nonetheless, muscles exhibited decreased expression of several MgTHs (MagT1, CNNM2, CNNM4, and TRPM6). Moreover, TaqMan low-density array (TLDA) analyses further revealed that, before the emergence of major muscle dysfunctions, even a mild Mg2+ deficiency was sufficient to alter the expression of genes critical for muscle physiology, including energy metabolism, muscle regeneration, proteostasis, mitochondrial dynamics, and excitation–contraction coupling.

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An Assessment of the Breastfeeding Practices and Infant Feeding Pattern among Mothers in Mauritius

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2013/243852 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Ashmika Motee ◽

Deerajen Ramasawmy ◽

Prity Pugo-Gunsam ◽

Rajesh Jeewon

Keyword(s):

Infant Feeding ◽

Infant Nutrition ◽

Feeding Practices ◽

Feeding Pattern ◽

Infant Feeding Practices ◽

Chi Square ◽

Breastfeeding Practices ◽

Childhood Morbidity ◽

The Mean ◽

Type Of Delivery

Proper breastfeeding practices are effective ways for reducing childhood morbidity and mortality. While many mothers understand the importance of breastfeeding, others are less knowledgeable on the benefits of breastfeeding and weaning. The aim in here is to assess breastfeeding pattern, infant formula feeding pattern, and weaning introduction in Mauritius and to investigate the factors that influence infant nutrition. 500 mothers were interviewed using a questionnaire which was designed to elicit information on infant feeding practices. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS (version 13.0), whereby chi-square tests were used to evaluate relationships between different selected variables. The prevalence of breastfeeding practice in Mauritius has risen from 72% in 1991 to 93.4% as found in this study, while only 17.9% breastfed their children exclusively for the first 6 months, and the mean duration of EBF (exclusive breastfeeding) is 2.10 months. Complementary feeding was more commonly initiated around 4–6 months (75.2%). Despite the fact that 60.6% of mothers initiate breastfeeding and 26.1% of mothers are found to breastfeed up to 2 years, the practice of EBF for the first 6 months is low (17.9%). Factors found to influence infant feeding practices are type of delivery, parity, alcohol consumption, occupation, education, and breast problems.

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Early life undernutrition in rats

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19820053 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 417-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

K. S. Bedi ◽

A. R. Birzgalis ◽

M. Mahon ◽

J. L. Smart ◽

A. C. Wareham

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Relative Frequency ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Fibre Types ◽

Male Rats ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Muscle Weight ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Volume Proportion ◽

Fibre Number

1. Male rats were undernourished either during the geslational and suckling periods or for a period of time immediately following weaning. Some rats were killed at the end of the period of undernutrition; others were nutritionally rehabilitated for lengthy periods of time before examination. Two muscles, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) were studied from each rat. Histochemically-stained transverse sections of these muscles were used to determine total number of fibres, the fibre cross-sectional areas and the relative frequency of the various fibre types.2. All rats killed immediately following undernutrition showed significant deficit sin body-weight, muscle weight and fibre cross-sectional area compared to age-matched controls.3. Animals undernourished during gestation and suckling and then fed normally for 5 months showed persistent and significant deficits in body-weight, muscle weight and total fibre number. There were also significant deficits in mean fibre cross-sectional area of each fibre type except for red fibres in the EDL. No difference in the volume proportion of connective tissue was found.4. Rats undernourished after weaning and then fed ad lib. for approximately 7 months had normal body-and muscle weights. Their muscles showed no significant differences in total fibre number, relative frequency of the various fibre types, fibre size or volume proportion of connective lissue.5. These results indicate that, although the effects on rat skeletal muscle of a period of undernutrition after weaning can be rectified, undernutrition before weaning causes lasting deficits.

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