scholarly journals Young infants’ exposure to organophosphate esters: Breast milk as a potential source of exposure

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 106009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie C. Hammel ◽  
Sharon Zhang ◽  
Amelia M. Lorenzo ◽  
Brian Eichner ◽  
Heather M. Stapleton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Organophosphate Esters ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Potential Source

Cow’s milk substitutes

1983 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 94.2-96
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Milk Substitutes

Cow’s milk is an important part of the diet in infants and preschool children. Breast milk is the most appropriate food for young infants, but when it is not available, or on the rare occasions when it is inappropriate, a feed based on cow’s milk is usually used. Sometimes, however, an infant needs a nutritionally complete formula feed based on something other than cow’s milk. Older children may likewise need a substitute for cow’s milk. This article discusses when such substitutes are needed and the merits of the different preparations.

Effect of Infant Formula on Stool Characteristics of Young Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Hyams ◽  
William R. Treem ◽  
Nancy L. Etienne ◽  
Harry Weinerman ◽  
Douglas MacGilpin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
The Common ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Formula Type ◽  
Breast Fed

Background. Many infants are switched between multiple formula preparations early in life because of perceived abnormalities in stooling pattern as well as gastrointestinal symptoms. Objective. To investigate the relationship between the type of formula consumed and the stooling characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms of young infants. Methods. Healthy 1-month-old infants were fed one of four commercial formula preparations (Enfamil, Enfamil with Iron, ProSobee, and Nutramigen) for 12 to 14 days in a prospective double-blinded (parent/physician) fashion. Parents completed a daily diary of stool characteristics as well as severity of spitting, gas, and crying for the last 7 days of the study period. A breast-fed infant group was studied as well. Results. Two hundred eighty five infants were enrolled and 238 completed the study. Infants receiving breast milk or Nutramigen had twice as many stools as other formula groups (P < .001). Infants receiving ProSobee had hard/firm stools more often than breast-fed or other formula-fed groups (P < .00001). Watery stools were more common in infants fed Nutramigen than other formula groups (P < .04). Green stools were more common in 12 mg/L iron preparations (Enfamil with iron, ProSobee, Nutramigen) than in those with 1 mg/L (Enfamil, breast milk) (P < .00001). Spitting, gassiness, and crying were of equal severity in all formula groups. Conclusions. The interpretation of stool frequency, color, and consistency must take into account the infant's formula type as significant variations in normal infants occur. Parental education on the range of infant stooling characteristics as well as the common occurrence of spitting, gas, and crying may alleviate concern for formula intolerance and underlying gastrointestinal disease.

scholarly journals Dietary intake of manganese by New Zealand infants during the first six months of life

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara E. McLeod ◽  
Marion F. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Mixed Feeding ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Young Infants

The manganese concentrations of breast-milk, liquid and dried cow's milk, and foods widely used in mixed feeding of infants in New Zealand, were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.The dietary supply of Mn to infants during the first 6 months was calculated. This varied from 2.5 to 75 μg/d per kg body-weight depending upon the age of the infant, the type of milk and the quantity of solid foods consumed. Young infants in New Zealand received about as much Mn as has been reported for infants elsewhere.

scholarly journals The Association Between Breast Milk Group B Streptococcal Capsular Antibody Levels and Late-onset Disease in Young Infants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyaad Dangor ◽  
Mahtaab Khan ◽  
Gaurav Kwatra ◽  
Alane Izu ◽  
Firdose Nakwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Group B ◽  
Gastrointestinal Colonization

Abstract Background Animal-model studies have demonstrated less group B streptococcal (GBS) invasive disease and gastrointestinal colonization after enteral administration of serotype-specific capsular antibodies. There is, however, a paucity of information on the association of breast milk GBS serotype-specific capsular antibodies and risks for invasive disease in infants. The aim of this study was to explore the association between natural secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) capsular antibodies in breast milk and the occurrence of late-onset disease (LOD) in young infants. Methods A matched case-control study was undertaken in infants <3 months of age in Johannesburg, South Africa. Breast milk samples were collected on cases and controls matched for gestational age, maternal age, and human immunodeficiency virus status at time of enrollment. Capsular serotype Ia, Ib, III, and V sIgA antibody concentrations were measured using the fluorescence-based micro-bead immunosorbent assay. Results Breast milk samples were available for 31 LOD cases (8 serotype Ia and 23 serotype III), 21 recto-vaginally colonized matched controls (10 serotype Ia and 11 serotype III), and 84 serotype Ia and 105 serotype III noncolonized matched controls. Using a Bayesian model to estimate the probability of disease, there were 90% reductions in the risks of developing serotypes Ia and III LOD with sIgA concentrations ≥0.14 µg/mL and ≥2.52 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusions Breast milk sIgA capsular antibodies were associated with lower risks for LOD in young infants. The ability of GBS polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines currently under development to induce sIgA responses warrant investigation as potential mediators of protection against LOD.

scholarly journals 2586. Human Breast Milk Inhibits the Replication of Parechovirus-A3

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S899-S899
Author(s):  
Ryohei Izumita ◽  
Kazuki Kon ◽  
Yuta Aizawa ◽  
Kanako Watanabe ◽  
Akihiko Saitoh
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Young Infants

Abstract Background Parechovirus-A3 (PeV-A3) is an emerging pathogen causing sepsis and meningoencephalitis in neonates and young infants. We previously reported that maternal antibodies against PeV-A3 are important to protect neonates and young infants from the infection. Recent studies showed that (1) breastfeeding had a protective effect against enterovirus, which is closely-related virus to PeV-A, and (2) human breast milk (HBM) neutralized enterovirus in vitro. Currently, no report is available related to the antiviral effect of HBM against PeV-A3. Methods HBM (colostrum, 3–5 days after childbirth; mature milk, 1 month after childbirth) and serum (within ± 1 week of child’s birthday) samples were obtained from mothers at obstetrics clinic in Niigata, Japan. Neutralizing antibody titers (NATs) against PeV-A3 were measured using the Vero cells. Results The anti-PeV-A3 NATs of colostrum (n = 32) ranged from 1:8 to 1:2048, those ≥1:32 was 59% (19/32). Whereas, the anti-PeV-A3 NATs of mature milk ranged from 1:8 to 1:96. and those ≥1:32 was 20% (2/20) (P < 0.001). The median NATs anti-PeV-A3 was higher in colostrum (1:32) compared with mature milk (1:8) (P < 0.001). There was a strong positive correlation between the NATs of colostrum and serum (r = 0.604, P < 0.001, Figure). Conclusion This study showed that HBM had high NATs against PeV-A3, which was correlated with serum NATs. Further studies are necessary to investigate which components of HBM has antiviral effects against PeV-A3. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Exclusive breastfeeding in India: An ultimate need of infants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shatrughan Pareek
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Nutritional Needs

Breastfeeding is a general method of providing nutritional supplements to young infants and child by breast milk. Early initiation of breastfeeding is very important for the infants. Breastfeeding is the cheapest and simplest method of fulfilling the nutritional needs of infant. Poor infant feeding practices and its effects is an obstacle in desirable growth and development of the infant. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is a method of providing only breast milk to infant up to 6 months age. There are lots of intrinsic and extrinsic factors which affect EBF. The prevalence of EBF is too low at global level. In the world, prevalence of EFB is 30-50% but it is 54.9% in India. The cultural, religious and geographic differences create wide range of EBF in India and it’s around 35.8-77.2%. The Exclusive breastfeeding is effective in decline the incidence of communicable and non-communicable diseases among infants which reduce the morbidity and mortality among infants. The prevalence of EBF is below the proposed level so there is a need of effective breastfeeding program in India. Special focus is needed in the area where prevalence of EBF is poor. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) revealed that there is a positive trend in India towards EBF. Social support and EBF program are needed to develop a positive attitude towards EBF and it will change the current scenario and reduce the disease burden among infants.

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