Analysis of gene expression from human breastmilk cells: a comparison between low and high producers, and the influence of anxiety and depression on milk production, gene expression and bacterial production

AbstractHigh-producing dairy cows enter a period of negative energy balance during the first weeks of lactation. Energy intake is usually sufficient to cover the increase in energy requirements for fetal growth during the period before calving, but meeting the demand for energy is often difficult during the early stages of lactation. A catabolic state predominates during the transition period, leading to the mobilisation of energy reserves (NEFA and amino acids) that are utilised mainly by the liver and muscle. Increased uptake of mobilised NEFA by the liver, combined with the limited capacity of hepatocytes to either oxidise fatty acids for energy or to incorporate esterified fatty acids into VLDL results in fatty liver syndrome and ketosis. This metabolic disturbance can affect the general health, and it causes economic losses. Different nutritional strategies have been used to restrict negative effects associated with the energy challenge in transition cows. The provision of choline in the form of rumen-protected choline (RPC) can potentially improve liver function by increasing VLDL exportation from the liver. RPC increases gene expression of microsomal TAG transfer protein and APOB100 that are required for VLDL synthesis and secretion. Studies with RPC have looked at gene expression, metabolic hormones, metabolite profiles, milk production and postpartum reproduction. A reduction in liver fat and enhanced milk production has been observed with RPC supplementation. However, the effects of RPC on health and reproduction are equivocal, which could reflect the lack of sufficient dose–response studies.

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Gene Transcript Alterations in the Spinal Cord, Anterior Cingulate Cortex, and Amygdala in Mice Following Peripheral Nerve Injury

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology ◽

10.3389/fcell.2021.634810 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Songxue Su ◽

Mengqi Li ◽

Di Wu ◽

Jing Cao ◽

Xiuhua Ren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Spinal Cord ◽

Neuropathic Pain ◽

Peripheral Nerve ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Nerve Injury ◽

Peripheral Nerve Injury ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Gene Transcript

Chronic neuropathic pain caused by nerve damage is a most common clinical symptom, often accompanied by anxiety- and depression-like symptoms. Current treatments are very limited at least in part due to incompletely understanding mechanisms underlying this disorder. Changes in gene expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) have been acknowledged to implicate in neuropathic pain genesis, but how peripheral nerve injury alters the gene expression in other pain-associated regions remains elusive. The present study carried out strand-specific next-generation RNA sequencing with a higher sequencing depth and observed the changes in whole transcriptomes in the spinal cord (SC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and amygdala (AMY) following unilateral fourth lumbar spinal nerve ligation (SNL). In addition to providing novel transcriptome profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs, we identified pain- and emotion-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and revealed that numbers of these DEGs displayed a high correlation to neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Consistently, functional analyses showed that the most significant enriched biological processes of the upregulated mRNAs were involved in the immune system process, apoptotic process, defense response, inflammation response, and sensory perception of pain across three regions. Moreover, the comparisons of pain-, anxiety-, and depression-related DEGs among three regions present a particular molecular map among the spinal cord and supraspinal structures and indicate the region-dependent and region-independent alterations of gene expression after nerve injury. Our study provides a resource for gene transcript expression patterns in three distinct pain-related regions after peripheral nerve injury. Our findings suggest that neuroinflammation and apoptosis are important pathogenic mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain and that some DEGs might be promising therapeutic targets.

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Enzymatic and mRNA Transcript Response of Ovine 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase (6PGD) in Respect to Different Milk Yield

Biochemistry Research International ◽

10.1155/2010/512056 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Stamatina Trivizaki ◽

George P. Laliotis ◽

Iosif Bizelis ◽

Maria A. Charismiadou ◽

Emmanuel Rogdakis

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Expression Pattern ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Molecular Level ◽

Gene Expression Pattern ◽

Pentose Phosphate ◽

Translation Regulation ◽

Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase

Ovine 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) is an enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, providing the necessary compounds of NADPH for the synthesis of fatty acids. Much of research has been conducted both on enzymatic level and on molecular level. However, to our knowledge, any correlation between enzymatic activity and 6PGD gene expression pattern related to different physiological stages has not been yet reported. With this report, we tried to highlight if any correlation between enzymatic activity and expression of ovine 6PGD gene exists, in respect to different milk yield. According to the determined enzymatic activities and adipocytes characteristics, ewes with low milk production possessed a greater (P≤.001) 6PGD activity and larger adipocytes than the highly productive ewes. Although 6PGD expression pattern was higher in low milk yield ewes than in ewes with high milk production, this difference was not found statistically significant. Thus, 6PGD gene expression pattern was not followed by so rapid and great/sizeable changes as it was observed for its respective enzymatic activity, suggesting that other mechanisms such as post translation regulation may be involved in the regulation of the respective gene.

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Localization and expression of BCAT during pregnancy and lactation in the rat mammary gland

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.3.e480 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 280 (3) ◽

pp. E480-E488 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Armando R. Tovar ◽

Enrique Becerril ◽

Rogelio Hernández-Pando ◽

Gabriel López ◽

Agus Suryawan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Mammary Gland ◽

Milk Production ◽

Acinar Cells ◽

Progressive Increase ◽

Female Rats ◽

Specific Staining ◽

Pregnancy And Lactation ◽

Branched Chain ◽

Immunohistochemical Studies

During lactation, branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT) gene expression increases in the mammary gland. To determine the cell type and whether this induction is present only during lactation, female rats were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: pregnancy, lactation, or postweaning. Mammary gland BCAT activity during the first days of pregnancy was similar to that of virgin rats, increasing significantly from day 16 to the last day of pregnancy. Maximal BCAT activity occurred on day 12 of lactation. During postweaning, BCAT activity decreased rapidly to values close to those observed in virgin rats. Analyses by Western and Northern blot revealed that changes in enzyme activity were accompanied by parallel changes in the amount of enzyme and its mRNA. Immunohistochemical studies of the mammary gland showed a progressive increase in mitochondrial BCAT (mBCAT)-specific staining of the epithelial acinar cells during lactation, reaching high levels by day 12. Immunoreactivity decreased rapidly after weaning. There was a significant correlation between total BCAT activity and milk production. These results indicate that the pattern of mBCAT gene expression follows lactogenesis stages I and II and is restricted to the milk-producing epithelial acinar cells. Furthermore, BCAT activity is associated with milk production in the mammary gland during lactation.

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Meta-analysis of mammary RNA seq datasets reveals the molecular understanding of bovine lactation biology

Genome ◽

10.1139/gen-2018-0144 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 (7) ◽

pp. 489-501

Author(s):

Periyasamy Vijayakumar ◽

Sanniyasi Bakyaraj ◽

Arunasalam Singaravadivelan ◽

Thangavelu Vasanthakumar ◽

Ramalingam Suresh

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Candidate Genes ◽

Milk Production ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Mammary Tissue ◽

Secretory Cells ◽

Molecular Pathways ◽

Production Traits ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Milk Production Traits

A better understanding of the biology of lactation, both in terms of gene expression and the identification of candidate genes for the production of milk and its components, is made possible by recent advances in RNA seq technology. The purpose of this study was to understand the synthesis of milk components and the molecular pathways involved, as well as to identify candidate genes for milk production traits within whole mammary transcriptomic datasets. We performed a meta-analysis of publically available RNA seq transcriptome datasets of mammary tissue/milk somatic cells. In total, 11 562 genes were commonly identified from all RNA seq based mammary gland transcriptomes. Functional annotation of commonly expressed genes revealed the molecular processes that contribute to the synthesis of fats, proteins, and lactose in mammary secretory cells and the molecular pathways responsible for milk synthesis. In addition, we identified several candidate genes responsible for milk production traits and constructed a gene regulatory network for RNA seq data. In conclusion, this study provides a basic understanding of the lactation biology of cows at the gene expression level.

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Spatial and Temporal Variations in Chitinolytic Gene Expression and Bacterial Biomass Production during Chitin Degradation

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.66.8.3574-3585.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 66 (8) ◽

pp. 3574-3585 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Ace M. Baty ◽

Callie C. Eastburn ◽

Somkiet Techkarnjanaruk ◽

Amanda E. Goodman ◽

Gill G. Geesey

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Aqueous Phase ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Bacterial Production ◽

Silicon Surface ◽

Specific Growth ◽

Bacterial Biomass ◽

Silicon Surfaces ◽

Surface Colonization ◽

Specific Growth Rates

ABSTRACT Growth of the chitin-degrading marine bacterium S91 on solid surfaces under oligotrophic conditions was accompanied by the displacement of a large fraction of the surface-derived bacterial production into the flowing bulk aqueous phase, irrespective of the value of the surface as a nutrient source. Over a 200-h period of surface colonization, 97 and 75% of the bacterial biomass generated on biodegradable chitin and a nonnutritional silicon surface, respectively, detached to become part of the free-living population in the bulk aqueous phase. Specific surface-associated growth rates that included the cells that subsequently detached from the substrata varied depending on the nutritional value of the substratum and during the period of surface colonization. Specific growth rates of 3.79 and 2.83 day−1 were obtained when cells first began to proliferate on a pure chitin film and a silicon surface, respectively. Later, when cell densities on the surface and detached cells as CFU in the bulk aqueous phase achieved a quasi-steady state, specific growth rates decreased to 1.08 and 0.79 day−1 on the chitin and silicon surfaces, respectively. Virtually all of the cells that detached from either the chitin or the silicon surfaces and the majority of cells associated with the chitin surface over the 200-h period of surface colonization displayed no detectable expression of the chitin-degrading genes chiA and chiB. Cells displaying high levels of chiA-chiB expression were detected only on the chitin surface and then only clustered in discrete areas of the surface. Surface-associated, differential gene expression and displacement of bacterial production from surfaces represent adaptations at the population level that promote efficient utilization of limited resources and dispersal of progeny to maximize access to new sources of energy and maintenance of the population.

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Negative correlation between milk production and brown adipose tissue gene expression in lactating mice

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.061382 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 214 (24) ◽

pp. 4160-4170 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

E. Krol ◽

S. A. M. Martin ◽

I. T. Huhtaniemi ◽

A. Douglas ◽

J. R. Speakman

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

Milk Production ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Adipose Tissue Gene Expression ◽

Tissue Gene Expression

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Short-term administration of rhGH increases markers of cellular proliferation but not milk protein gene expression in normal lactating women

Physiological Genomics ◽

10.1152/physiolgenomics.00079.2010 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 43 (8) ◽

pp. 381-391 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Patricia D. Maningat ◽

Partha Sen ◽

Monique Rijnkels ◽

Darryl L. Hadsell ◽

Molly S. Bray ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Cell Cycle ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Cellular Proliferation ◽

Protein Gene ◽

Milk Protein Gene ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Milk Protein Gene Expression ◽

Increase Milk Production

Growth hormone is one of few pharmacologic agents known to augment milk production in humans. We hypothesized that recombinant human GH (rhGH) increases the expression of cell proliferation and milk protein synthesis genes. Sequential milk and blood samples collected over four days were obtained from five normal lactating women. Following 24 h of baseline milk and blood sampling, rhGH (0.1 mg/kg/day) was administered subcutaneously once daily for 3 days. Gene expression changes were determined by microarray studies utilizing milk fat globule RNA isolated from each milk sample. Following rhGH administration, DNA synthesis and cell cycle genes were induced, while no significant changes were observed in the expression of milk synthesis genes. Expression of glycolysis and citric acid cycle genes were increased by day 4 compared with day 1, while lipid synthesis genes displayed a circadian-like pattern. Cell cycle gene upregulation occurred after a lag of ∼2 days, likely explaining the failure to increase milk production after only 3 days of rhGH treatment. We conclude that rhGH induces expression of cellular proliferation and metabolism genes but does not induce milk protein gene expression, as potential mechanisms for increasing milk production and could account for the known effect of rhGH to increase milk production following 7–10 days.

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