Microbiological analysis of pre-packed sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) leaves for the presence of Salmonella spp. and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli

ABSTRACT Salmonella contamination of ground beef has been viewed as originating from the surface of carcasses. Recent studies have identified lymph nodes as a potential source of Salmonella contamination because these tissues play an active role in containment of pathogens in the live animal and because some lymph nodes are unavoidably present in manufacturing beef trimmings or primal cuts that may be incorporated into ground beef. A survey was conducted of the microbiological status of lymph nodes from Australian cattle at the time of slaughter to determine the prevalence of microbiological contamination. Sets of lymph nodes (n = 197), consisting of the superficial cervical (prescapular), prepectoral, axillary, presternal, popliteal, ischiatic, subiliac (precrural), coxalis, and iliofemoralis (deep inguinal), were collected from five geographically separated Australian abattoirs over a period of 14 months. Samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella spp. and Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli by BAX PCR assay. Aerobic plate count, E. coli, and coliforms were enumerated with a lower limit of detection of 80 CFU per node. The observed prevalence of Salmonella within peripheral lymph nodes was 0.48% (7 of 1,464). Two of the seven lymph nodes in which Salmonella organisms were detected came from the same animal. Grass-fed, grain-fed, and cull dairy cattle were all found to have detectable Salmonella in lymph nodes. All Salmonella detections occurred during cooler months of the year. No Shiga toxin–producing E. coli were detected. Aerobic microorganisms were detected above the limit of quantification in 3.2% of nodes (median count 2.24 log per node), and E. coli was detected in 0.8% of nodes (median count 3.05 log per node). The low prevalence of Salmonella and low concentration of aerobic microorganisms in Salmonella-positive lymph nodes of Australian cattle at the time of slaughter suggest that the likelihood of lymph nodes contributing significantly to the presence of Salmonella in ground beef is low.

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Prevalence of Foodborne Pathogens in Grilled Chicken from Street Vendors and Retail Outlets in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-014 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 74 (8) ◽

pp. 1320-1323 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

A. DÍAZ-LÓPEZ ◽

R. C. CANTÚ-RAMÍREZ ◽

E. GARZA-GONZÁLEZ ◽

L. RUIZ-TOLENTINO ◽

S. J. TELLEZ-LUIS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Daily Consumption ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Street Vendor ◽

Street Vendors ◽

E Coli ◽

Microbiological Methods ◽

Two Samples ◽

Retail Outlets

We analyzed a total of 70 grilled chicken samples bought randomly from street vendors and retail outlets in the city of Reynosa, Mexico, to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli (Shiga toxin producing and enterotoxin producing), Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria spp., and Campylobacter spp. using microbiological methods and PCR detection of bacterial sequences. Of the 70 samples, 27 (38.5%) were from retail outlets and 43 (61.4%) from street vendors. All specimens were negative by both microbiological and molecular methods for Listeria monocytogenes, Shiga toxin 2 of Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, lt of enterotoxin-producing E. coli, and st enterotoxin, and all were negative for Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni by PCR. Of the samples studied, 49 (70%) had undetectable levels of the foodborne pathogens studied with the methods used. In the remaining 21 (30%) specimens, at least one pathogen was isolated or detected, with E. coli being the pathogen most frequently isolated and with two samples bearing the hlyA gene. We found no statistical difference in bacterial prevalence between retail and street vendor samples. The presence of pathogens in grilled chicken is an important public health risk because of the great demand for and daily consumption of this product in this region.

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enteropathogenic Bacteria in Yellow-Legged Gulls (Larus michahellis) in Southern Italy

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020275 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 275

Author(s):

Tamara Pasqualina Russo ◽

Antonino Pace ◽

Lorena Varriale ◽

Luca Borrelli ◽

Antonio Gargiulo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shiga Toxin ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Enteropathogenic Bacteria ◽

Enteric Diseases ◽

Large Populations ◽

Larus Michahellis ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Campylobacter Spp

Wild birds may host and spread pathogens, integrating the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Particularly, Larus spp. have been described as responsible for the spread of many enteric diseases, primarily because of their large populations at landfill sites. The aim of this study was to examine the role of yellow-legged gulls as a source of enteropathogenic bacteria such as Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Yersinia spp., with particular attention to antibiotic-resistant strains. Enteropathogenic bacteria were isolated from 93/225 yellow-legged gulls examined from April to July, during a four-year period (2016–2019). Specifically, Campylobacter spp. was isolated from 60/225 samples (26.7%), and identified as C. coli (36/60) and as C. jejuni (24/60). Salmonella spp. was isolated from 3/225 samples (1.3%), and identified as Salmonella arizonae. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli were isolated from 30/225 samples (13.3%) samples, and serotyped as E. coli O128 (12/30) O26 (9/30), O157 (6/30) and O11 (3/30); Yersinia spp. was never detected. Isolated strains exhibited multidrug resistance, including vitally important antibiotics for human medicine (i.e., fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines). Our study emphasizes the importance of yellow-legged gulls as potential reservoirs of pathogenic and resistant strains and their involvement in the dissemination of these bacteria across different environments, with resulting public health concerns.

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A Novel Selective Medium for Simultaneous Enrichment of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella in Ground Beef

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-520 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 81 (8) ◽

pp. 1252-1257 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

JOSEPH EGGERS ◽

JOELLEN M. FEIRTAG ◽

ALAN D. OLSTEIN ◽

JOSEPH M. BOSILEVAC

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Ground Beef ◽

Performance Standards ◽

Selective Medium ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Department Of Agriculture ◽

Selective Enrichment ◽

E Coli ◽

Inspection Service

ABSTRACT Microbiological analysis of ground beef for contamination by both Salmonella and Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is performed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS), as part of its Performance Standards Verification Testing program. FSIS has established a zero tolerance for STEC serotype O157:H7 and serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145 because they are regarded as adulterants. The detection and isolation of these specific serogroups presents a technical challenge necessitating time-consuming and costly laboratory procedures that often exceed the technical capabilities of many small internal and reference laboratories. We describe here a method using a novel STEC and Salmonella selective (SSS) broth that allows for simultaneous selective enrichment of STEC and Salmonella sp., providing isolation and detection from the same broth. The method only involves direct plating from beef enrichments to detect suspect isolates that can be easily confirmed by using immunoassays or PCR, rendering the isolation simpler and less costly than the current described methods. In a side-by-side comparison with modified tryptic soy broth (mTSB), the use of SSS broth resulted in primarily isolating STEC and Salmonella sp., while substantially suppressing the growth of other gram-negative Enterobacteriacae by 90%. Significantly more (χ2 < 3.84) samples containing E. coli O157:H7 and STEC O26, O111, O121, and O145 and a nondifferent (χ2 > 3.84) number of samples containing STEC O103 and O45 were identified when enriching in SSS broth. Coenrichment using six different Salmonella serovars showed numerically greater but not significant (χ2 < 3.84) positive samples by using SSS broth compared with mTSB for a majority of serotypes.

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Microbiological Analysis of Tucumã Pulp (Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer) Commercialized at Fairs in the City of Manaus

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ◽

10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1009.029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 254-261

Author(s):

Luana Lopes Casas Rherysonn Pantoja de Jesus ◽

Lucas Nascimento de Almeida Pedro de Queiroz Costa Neto ◽

Samaroni Adilson Moreira Corrêa

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Economic Value ◽

Palm Tree ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

E Coli ◽

Microbiological Profile ◽

Three Samples ◽

Astrocaryum Aculeatum ◽

The City

The tucumanzeiro is a palm tree of the Arecaceae family, and Astrocaryum aculeatum is the best known and most appreciated species. The fruit called tucumã has a significant cultural and economic value, and despite being widely consumed, the pulp of this fruit has a relatively short shelf life. At fairs, it is possible to see the pulp being stored inappropriately, contributing to the proliferation of microorganisms. Given the importance of this fruit for local trade, this study aimed to investigate the microbiological profile of tucumã pulp sold in the main fairs in Manaus. The pulps were obtained from 18 points of sale divided between the six zones of the city. The samples were placed in a thermal box and submitted to microbiological analysis. The microorganisms evaluated were coliforms (AOAC 991.14), Escherichia coli (AOAC 991.14), Salmonella spp. (ISO 6579), molds and yeasts (APHA 21:2015) in triplicate. The results showed that 13 samples showed coliform growth with amounts ranging from 6.4x10 to 1.2x104 CFU/g. Regarding the amount of yeast, only three samples showed results above what is considered ideal for fruit pulps. Samples that showed growth for molds were within the permissible microbiological limits. None of the samples showed growth for E. coli and Salmonella spp.

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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella spp. in lettuce

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v9i7.4150 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. e281974150

Author(s):

Bruna Ribeiro Arrais ◽

Marcos Roberto Alves Ferreira ◽

Talícia Santos Silva ◽

Jefferson Fernando Naves Pinto ◽

Ariel Eurides Stella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Foodborne Illnesses ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

E Coli ◽

Crop Type ◽

Fresh Vegetables ◽

The City

Foodborne illnesses are relevant to public health, especially in contaminated foods that are eaten without prior cooking, such as lettuce. The objective was to evaluate the contamination by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), E. coli and Salmonella spp. in lettuce in commercial food-establishments in the city of Jataí, Goiás, Brazil. The variables were: type of crop, type of establishment and coliform count. The DNA of E. coli isolates were analyzed by PCR to the research of virulence genes. Isolates compatible with Salmonella in the biochemical tests were submitted for serology with Salmonella antisera. Thirty samples of lettuce were evaluated, eleven samples were positive for E. coli, (36.67%), and one sample (3.33%) tested positive for STEC hydroponic crop. The two STEC isolates were positive for the stx2 gene. Conventionally grown products were 2.4 times more likely to be contaminated with E. coli. The presence of Salmonella spp. was confirmed in 16.67% (5/30) of the samples. The presence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms in the analyzed samples indicates the need for special care to be taken in preparing fresh vegetables before they are consumed in natura, like avoid excessive handling, and washing with sanitizers.

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Antibacterial Potential of Essential Oils Against Ground Beef Isolates

Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional ◽

10.20396/san.v24i2.8650280 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 161

Author(s):

Lisiane Martins Volcão ◽

Juliana de Lima Marques ◽

Lucas Moreira dos Santos ◽

Suzane Olachea Allend ◽

Kamila da Cunha Furtado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Ground Beef ◽

Ocimum Basilicum ◽

Bacterial Activity ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Cinnamomum Zeylanicum ◽

E Coli ◽

Antibacterial Potential ◽

Coagulase Positive Staphylococcus

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of different EOs against Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and coagulase-positive staphylococcus isolated from ground beef. The EOs had values varying from 0.78μl/mL to 100μl/mL, and the essential oil of Citrus lemon did not present any bacterial activity against the studied strains. For E. coli, the essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum presented the best inhibitory activity (MIC = 0.78μl/mL to 1.56μl/mL). In Salmonella spp., the EOs of Cymbopogon citratus (MIC = 12.5μl/mL and 25.0μl/mL), C. zeylanicum (MIC = 25.0 µL/mL) and Ocimum basilicum (MIC = 6.25μl/mL, 12.5μl/mL and 50.0μl/mL) exhibited similar results. The EOs of C. zeylanicum and Eugenia caryophyllata demonstrated the lowest average values of study against coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (MIC = 3.12μl/mL, 6.25μl/mL and 12.5μl/mL). With the data obtained in the study, it can be observed the potential of EOs in the control of pathogenic food microorganisms, as well as validate future researches on the proprieties and active compounds of these products, besides the toxicity of these compounds and the possible alterations that can be caused on the food.

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Agro-ecological Characterization of Vermicomposted Sewage Sludge from Municipal and Poultry Enterprise Wastewater Treatment Plants

Sains Malaysiana ◽

10.17576/jsm-2021-5008-03 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (8) ◽

pp. 2167-2178

Author(s):

Diyana Dermendzhieva ◽

Toncho Dinev ◽

Gergana Kostadinova ◽

Georgi Petkov ◽

Georgi Beev

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Sewage Sludge ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Plate Count ◽

Lumbricus Rubellus ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

E Coli

The purpose of this study was to make an agro-ecological characterization of vermicompost (VC) produced from sewage sludge (SS). As a substrate, SS from municipal and poultry meat processing enterprise wastewater treatment plants (MTP and PTP, respectively) was utilized. The substrates were vermicomposted by Red Californian earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) for 120 days. For VC quality assessment, 19 physicochemical and 6 microbiological parameters were used. The evaluation of physicochemical parameters was done according to ISO standard methods and microbiological analysis-by plating 1 mL of sample dilutions on selective, chromogenic culture medium sheets. It was found that the vermicompost from MTP (VC-M) had higher levels of EC, mineral elements (N, P and K compounds in forms available to plants), heavy metals (Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd) and coliforms, and lower levels of pH, TOC, C/N ratio, Fe, total plate count (TPC), Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella spp. counts compared to VC from PTP (VC-P). During the vermicomposting process, the substrates from both wastewater treatment plants (TPs) showed similar trends towards decrease in pH, TOC, N-NH4+, C/N ratio, TPC, coliforms, E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella spp. counts, whereas the opposite trends were established for EC, TKN, N-NO3-, TP, P2O5, TK, and K2O values. The vermicomposting had a negligible effect on heavy metal concentrations. In the final substrates E. coli were not detected, while the bacterial spore forms (Clostridium perfringens) were not eliminated. The final substrates cannot be used as fertilizers or soil amendments because of the presence of Salmonella spp. and C. perfringens over the permissible limits according to EU and Bulgarian regulations.

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Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and other enterobacteriaceae associated with ready-to-eat salad

International Journal of Biological Research ◽

10.14419/ijbr.v4i2.6510 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 211

Author(s):

Iyekhoetin Matthew Omoruyi ◽

Ufuoma Akpezi Orieruo

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Health Concern ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

E Coli ◽

Benin City ◽

Edo State ◽

Open Markets ◽

Klebsiella Spp

Ready-to-eat (RTE) salads sold in Nigeria are poorly delineated sources of human exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, we investigated the current situation in Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria. Twenty-four samples of RTE salad were obtained from different open markets, and the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and other enterobacteriaceae were determined by established methods using both selective and chromogenic agars. All RTE salad samples were found to habour Escherichia coli while 16.7% were further confirmed for the presence of STEC. Other Enterobacteriaceae present included Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Enterobacter spp, Serratia spp and Salmonella spp. The antibiogramic profile revealed that all bacterial isolates obtained were resistant to augmentin and amoxicillin while only 11.1% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. The percentage resistance for the Shiga-toxin producing strains of E. coli was 60% while Serratia showed resistance to all the antibiotics used. The results of this study showed that RTE salad sold in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria could be a source of public health concern, and effort should be made to avert possible outbreak.

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