Oxygen feeding strategies for methane ATR

Profitability of dairy farming in relation to the type of feeding systemWe investigated the profitability of dairy farms in relation to the type of feeding system (seasonal pasture vs. permanent housing). An economic analysis was carried out of data on the structure and financial health of 50 farms in 2007 using questionnaires filled in by the farmers. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to reveal causal relationships between a number of characteristics of the farms. The two axis of PCA explained 40.48% and 16.13% of the variability among the selected farm characteristics. Profitability related more to the number of subsidies, the area of arable land, the number of livestock and to the milk and plant production than to the area of meadows and pastures. Although a better cow performance was achieved on farms with confined herds, the profit per agricultural area and profit rate did not differ significantly between the two feeding strategies (P>0.05). The profit was 3,259 and 3,655 CZK/ha on average and the profit rate 7.9% and 5.6% on average on farms with pastured herds and on farms with confined herds, respectively. A lowering of input costs and a more effective utilisation of grasslands may further enhance profitability.

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Feeding strategies for managing heat load in feedlot cattle

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/2002.8092373x ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 80 (9) ◽

pp. 2373 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

T. L. Mader ◽

S. M. Holt ◽

G. L. Hahn ◽

M. S. Davis ◽

D. E. Spiers

Keyword(s):

Heat Load ◽

Feedlot Cattle ◽

Feeding Strategies

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Minimising waste through bioenergetically and behaviourally based feeding strategies

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1995.0362 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 31 (10) ◽

pp. 29-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. E. Thorpe ◽

C. Young Cho

Keyword(s):

Feeding Activity ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Growth Efficiency ◽

Wild Food ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Evolutionary Features ◽

Feeding Regimes ◽

In The Wild ◽

Genetically Determined

Most species in aquaculture are new to cultivation and so behave like wild animals. They are products of evolution, with adaptations to specific habitat conditions. In the wild, food is not available uniformly throughout the day or the year, or in space, and rarely exceeds the fishes needs. Competition is energetically expensive, reducing growth efficiency. Consequently, feeding activity patterns have evolved, implying internal appetite rhythms, which optimise food intake under these various constraints. Salmonids can adapt quickly to short term variation in food availability, but show seasonal genetically determined anorexia. Rational feeding regimes in culture should take all such features into account. When appetite is high naturally, food should be presented so that it is economically indefensible - where every individual can eat, and where fighting does not pay. At periods of anorexia it will be prudent to offer no food. Manufacturers' feed tables are usually regimes devised to meet the bioenergetic needs of fishes, as they are understood in a physico-chemical sense. While useful first approximations, they do not take into account these evolutionary features of the fishes, and can lead to waste. Methods of presentation are described which allow the fish to determine when food shall be available, and in ways which, by diminishing the advantages of social dominance, ensure relatively even opportunities to feed for all individuals in the population. Allowing the fish to set the time-table reduces the likelihood of waste.

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Evaluation of dsRNA delivery methods for targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor MIF in RNAi-based aphid control

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection ◽

10.1007/s41348-021-00464-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shaoshuai Liu ◽

Maria Jose Ladera-Carmona ◽

Minna M. Poranen ◽

Aart J. E. van Bel ◽

Karl-Heinz Kogel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Artificial Diet ◽

Sieve Tube ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Macrophage Migration ◽

Delivery Methods ◽

Host Immune Responses ◽

Aphid Control ◽

Barley Leaves ◽

Sieve Tubes

AbstractMacrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIFs) are multifunctional proteins regulating major processes in mammals, including activation of innate immune responses. In invertebrates, MIF proteins participate in the modulation of host immune responses when secreted by parasitic organisms, such as aphids. In this study, we assessed the possibility to use MIF genes as targets for RNA interference (RNAi)-based control of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (Sa) on barley (Hordeum vulgare). When nymphs were fed on artificial diet containing double-stranded (ds)RNAs (SaMIF-dsRNAs) that target sequences of the three MIF genes SaMIF1, SaMIF2 and SaMIF3, they showed higher mortality rates and these rates correlated with reduced MIF transcript levels as compared to the aphids feeding on artificial diet containing a control dsRNA (GFP-dsRNA). Comparison of different feeding strategies showed that nymphs’ survival was not altered when they fed from barley seedlings sprayed with naked SaMIF-dsRNAs, suggesting they did not effectively take up dsRNA from the sieve tubes of these plants. Furthermore, aphids’ survival was also not affected when the nymphs fed on leaves supplied with dsRNA via basal cut ends of barley leaves. Consistent with this finding, the use of sieve tube-specific YFP-labeled Arabidopsis reporter lines confirmed that fluorescent 21 nt dsRNACy3, when supplied via petioles or spraying, co-localized with xylem structures, but not with phloem tissue. Our results suggest that MIF genes are a potential target for insect control and also imply that application of naked dsRNA to plants for aphid control is inefficient. More efforts should be put into the development of effective dsRNA formulations.

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Towards Sustainable Livestock Production: Estimation of Methane Emissions and Dietary Interventions for Mitigation

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13116081 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 6081

Author(s):

Pragna Prathap ◽

Surinder Singh Chauhan ◽

Brian J. Leury ◽

Jeremy James Cottrell ◽

Frank Rowland Dunshea

Keyword(s):

Management Strategies ◽

Livestock Production ◽

Mitigation Strategy ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Dietary Interventions ◽

Economic Implications ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Limiting Step ◽

Routine Basis

The increasing need for sustainable livestock production demands more research in the field of greenhouse gas (GHG), particularly methane (CH4), measurement and mitigation. Dietary interventions, management, and biotechnological strategies to reduce the environmental impacts and economic implications of enteric CH4 emissions are needed. While the use of biotechnological interventions and management strategies can be challenging on a routine basis, feed additive supplementation appears to be the most researched, developed, and ready to use strategy to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions. This paper discusses various recently developed feeding strategies to reduce enteric CH4 emissions in livestock. Additionally, the manuscript reviews various technologies developed for CH4 estimation since the accurate and reliable estimation of CH4 emissions can be a limiting step in the development and adoption of any mitigation strategy.

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Associations Between Parent–Child Communication and Connectedness, Parent Feeding Behavior, and Child Body Mass in Pre-Adolescent Children

Journal of Pediatric Psychology ◽

10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa087 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kristina D Lowe ◽

Mark A Lott ◽

Chad D Jensen

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Body Mass ◽

Weight Status ◽

Community Sample ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Feeding Behaviors ◽

Parent Child Communication ◽

Parental Feeding ◽

Parent Feeding ◽

Parent Child

Abstract Objective This study evaluated associations between parent–child connectedness and communication, parent feeding behaviors (restriction, pressure to eat, and monitoring), and age- and sex-standardized child body mass index (zBMI) in a sample of pre-adolescent children aged 8–12 years. Methods A community sample of three hundred and eight child–parent dyads completed measures of communication and connectedness. Parents completed a feeding behavior measure and children were weighed and their height was measured. We examined whether parental feeding behaviors and parent–child communication and connectedness predicted child zBMI and whether parental feeding behaviors moderated the association between parent–child communication and connectedness and child zBMI. Results Feeding restriction was positively associated with zBMI, while both pressure to eat and food monitoring exhibited negative associations with zBMI. Child-reported communication was inversely associated with zBMI and parental pressure to eat moderated this association such that lower pressure to eat predicted a stronger association between communication and zBMI. Conclusions These findings are consistent with previous research suggesting that parent feeding strategies and parent–child communication are important contributors to child weight status. This study also provides preliminary evidence suggesting that adaptive parent–child communication is associated with lower body mass when parents avoid pressuring their child to eat. Our study provides an important extension of this body of research into middle childhood, a relatively understudied developmental stage.

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The Deviation between Dairy Cow Metabolizable Energy Requirements and Pasture Supply on a Dairy Farm Using Proximal Hyperspectral Sensing

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11030240 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 240

Author(s):

Federico Duranovich ◽

Nicolás López-Villalobos ◽

Nicola Shadbolt ◽

Ina Draganova ◽

Ian Yule ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Milk Fat ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Dairy Farm ◽

Energy System ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Canopy Reflectance ◽

Estimate Variance ◽

Hyperspectral Sensing ◽

Daily Total

This study aimed at determining the extent to which the deviation of daily total metabolizable energy (MEt) requirements of individual cows from the metabolizable energy (ME) supplied per cow (DME) varied throughout the production season in a pasture-based dairy farm using proximal hyperspectral sensing (PHS). Herd tests, milk production, herbage and feed allocation data were collected during the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 production seasons at Dairy 1, Massey University, New Zealand. Herbage ME was determined from canopy reflectance acquired using PHS. Orthogonal polynomials were used to model lactation curves for yields of milk, fat, protein and live weights of cows. Daily dietary ME supplied per cow to the herd and ME requirements of cows were calculated using the Agricultural Food and Research Council (AFRC) energy system of 1993. A linear model including the random effects of breed and cow was used to estimate variance components for DME. Daily herd MEt estimated requirements oscillated between a fifth above or below the ME supplied throughout the production seasons. DME was mostly explained by observations made within a cow rather than between cows or breeds. Having daily estimates of individual cow requirements for MEt in addition to ME dietary supply can potentially contribute to achieving a more precise fit between supply and demand for feed in a pasture-based dairy farm by devising feeding strategies aimed at reducing DME.

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Seasonal food habits of the four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis de Blainville, 1816) in tropical deciduous forests of Aravalli mountain range, Rajasthan, Western India

The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology ◽

10.1186/s41936-020-00193-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ramchandra Meghwal ◽

Chhaya Bhatnagar ◽

Vijay Kumar Koli

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Forest Fires ◽

Habitat Management ◽

Fleshy Fruit ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Western India ◽

Mountain Range ◽

Local Pressure ◽

Dendrocalamus Strictus ◽

Helicteres Isora

Abstract Background Feeding strategies assessment of endangered species during food limited seasons is important in order to understand their niche and advise effective habitat management steps. We assessed the four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis) seasonal diet from April 2014 to March 2015, in three wildlife sanctuaries in western India, namely, Sitamata, Kumbhalgarh, and Phulwari-ki-nal Wildlife Sanctuaries. Opportunistic focal animal sampling method was used in five 1 km paths in each sanctuary to take feeding observations. Each transect was walked three times a day (morning 06:00-10:00 h; mid-day 10:00-14:00 h; evening 15:00-18:00 h), 1 day a month, during 12 months, with a total of 540 surveys divided between 15 paths. The diet data was categorized into different plant categories. Results A total of 532 feeding records from 85 animal sightings were noted with a mean (± SD) of 14.78 ± 10.04 feeding records/month. Feeding was observed on 63 plant species belonging to 23 families. The highest feeding records noted were on trees (60.91%) in the diet followed by shrubs (20.49%), grasses (16.92%), forbs (1.50%), and climbers (0.18%) respectively. Most of the plant species consumed were from Fabaceae (n = 17) and Poaceae (n = 12) families. The overall browse-grass ratio was 83.08-16.92% (88.02-11.98% for Sitamata WLS; 82.11-17.89% for Kumbhalgarh WLS; 79.10-20.90% for Phulwari-ki-nal WLS). Leaves were the most consumed part of the plants (64.10%), followed by dry fruit (16.55%), fleshy fruit (13.34%), flowers (2.82%), buds (2.06%), and twigs (1.13%) respectively. Use of fleshy fruits, dry fruits, and trees showed significant seasonal dietary difference (P < 0.05) in all three sanctuaries. Conclusions Tetracerus quadricornis was found to consume more browse species than grasses. We recommend conservation and promotion of natural plant regeneration, in particular for the plant species that were the most consumed by four-horned antelope, namely, Aristida adscensionis, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dichrostachys cinerea, Acacia leucophloea, Butea monosperma, Helicteres isora, Ziziphus nummularia, and Ziziphus xylopyrus. Conservation of grassland patches, minimizing local pressure, and planning, construction, and maintenance of fire lines prior to timing of forest fires would help to protected T. quadricornis habitat in all three sanctuaries.

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Enteral Feeding Strategies in Preterm Neonates ≤32 weeks Gestational Age: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1159/000516640 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Viraraghavan Vadakkencherry Ramaswamy ◽

Tapas Bandyopadhyay ◽

Javed Ahmed ◽

Prathik Bandiya ◽

Sanja Zivanovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enteral Feeding ◽

Primary Outcome ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Credible Interval ◽

Stage Ii ◽

Preterm Neonates ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Moderate Volume ◽

Full Enteral Feeding ◽

Critical Aspects

Introduction: Critical aspects of time of feed initiation, advancement, and volume of feed increment in preterm neonates remain largely unanswered. Methods: Medline , Embase, CENTRAL and CINAHL were searched from inception until 25th September 2020. Network meta-analysis with the Bayesian approach was used. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating preterm neonates ≤32 weeks were included. Feeding regimens were divided based on the following categories: initiation day: early (<72 h), moderately early (72 h–7 days), and late (>7 days); advancement day: early (<72 h), moderately early (72 h–7 days), and late (>7 days); increment volume: small volume (SV) (<20 mL/kg/day), moderate volume (MoV) (20–< 30 mL/kg/day), and large volume (≥30 mL/kg/day); and full enteral feeding from the first day. Sixteen regimens were evaluated. Combined outcome of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) stage ≥ II or mortality before discharge was the primary outcome. Results: A total of 39 studies enrolled around 6,982 neonates. Early initiation (EI) with moderately early or late advancement using MoV increment enteral feeding regimens appeared to be most efficacious in decreasing the risk of NEC or mortality when compared to EI and early advancement with SV increment (risk ratio [95% credible interval]: 0.39 [0.12, 0.95]; 0.34 [0.10, 0.86]) (GRADE–very low). Conclusions: Early initiated, moderately early, or late advanced with MoV increment feeding regimens might be most appropriate in decreasing the risk of NEC stage ≥II or mortality. In view of the certainty of evidence being very low, adequately powered RCTs evaluating these 2 strategies are warranted.

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Feeding strategies for small-scale rearing black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) as organic waste recycler

SN Applied Sciences ◽

10.1007/s42452-020-04039-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Dzepe ◽

Paulin Nana ◽

Hervé Mube Kuietche ◽

Janaina Mitsue Kimpara ◽

Ornela Magatsing ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Waste Management ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Chicken Manure ◽

Small Scale ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Commercial Chicken ◽

Continuous Feeding ◽

Organic Waste Management ◽

Feeding Diets

AbstractProcessing organic waste using black soldier fly (BSF)-based technology offers a promising alternative for sustainable organic waste management and urban sanitation. This study was conducted to assess the influence of feeding strategies on the efficacy of BSF larvae to recycle organic wastes into value products. Fruit waste and chicken manure were used as organic waste samples while commercial chicken feed was used as a control, and were processed for 15 days in circular plastic containers (Ø 30 × 12 cm) with 50; 100; 150; and 200 mg/larva/day continuous and batch feeding diets, using 500 four-day-old larvae per diet, repeated four times. Larval survival rates were not significantly affected by the feeding strategies. However, average larval biomass of 83.69 ± 13.04 g and 82.46 ± 08.52 g was achieved for the continuous and batch feeding strategies, respectively, under favorable conditions. Larval feed reduction rates ranged from 24.65 ± 03.48% to 72.78 ± 01.48% and 24.52 ± 0.27% to 72.25 ± 12.13% with continuous and batch feeding strategies, respectively, and were significantly affected by the different daily diets. On the other hand, the bioconversion rates ranged from 13.34 ± 0.26% to 50.82 ± 02.27%, and the highest values were observed with the continuous feeding diets. This study confirms the efficacy of BSF larvae to thrive in different organic substrates and shows that the continuous feeding strategy can be better and enhance a sustainable small-scale organic waste management.

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