Relative effects of all chemical elements on the electrical conductivity of metal and alloys: An alternative to Norbury–Linde rule

2009 ◽  
Vol 478 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 345-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingzhi Zeng ◽  
Shengjing Mu ◽  
Ping Wu ◽  
Khuong P. Ong ◽  
Jia Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Metal And Alloys

scholarly journals Peranan Stemflow dan Throughfall Vegetasi Hutan Kota dalam Menurunkan Kandungan Unsur Kimia Hujan Asam

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Bejo Slamet ◽  
Welly Hasibuan ◽  
Hidayati Hidayati
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Acid Rain ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Alkali Ions ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Gnetum Gnemon ◽  
Water Acidity

Impact of acid rain on people's lives were studied but study of the vegetation role in reducing chemical elements of rainwater that reach the soil surface were limited. The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of urban forest vegetation around the Medan Industrial Zone to reducing acid rain that reached the soil surface through the mechanism of stemflow and throughfall. This research was conducted by analyzing the chemical content of stemflow and througfall water from Pterocarpus indica Will., Mangifera indica, and Gnetum gnemon plants. Parameters analyzed were water acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), SO42-, NO3-, NH4 +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ and Na +. Water analysis carried out in the Laboratory of the Environmental Agency of North Sumatra Province. The results indicate that the water that has been through the process of stemflow and throughfall consistently raises the pH, electrical conductivity, NH4 +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ and Na + and reduce the content of anion SO42- and NO3 compared with water from open area. Stemflow and throughfall were able to reduce the content of acidic ions and increasing the content of alkali ions and reduced rain water acidity.

scholarly journals Production of Activated Carbon from Agroindustrial Residues and Application in the Treatment of Desalinator Reject

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
S. S. A. Lima ◽  
S. C. de Paiva ◽  
H. T. Figueiredo ◽  
G. M. C. Takaki ◽  
A. S. Messias
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Percentage Reduction ◽  
Coconut Fiber ◽  
Grape Marc ◽  
Residual Biomass ◽  
Design Type ◽  
Full Factorial

Residues of agroindustrial origin can be used for various purposes, including the production of activated carbon. In order to conduct the experiment, residual biomass of Cocos nucifera-C and grape marc-B were used at the doses corresponding to 100C/0B, 75C/25B, 50C/50B, 25C/75B and 0C/100B. The appropriate operating ranges for the production of activated carbon were identified and an experiment was carried out with a full factorial design, type 32, with three replicates and a control.  The activated carbon produced was in contact with the desalinator reject for 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes, after which the extracts were physico-chemically analyzed. The data were submitted to statistical analysis, using Statistic software, with a percentage reduction in the characteristics evaluated: pH (13.2), electrical conductivity (1), sodium (4.7), potassium (35.6), calcium (3.2), magnesium (zero) and chloride (18.2), indicating the mixture of coconut fiber and grape marc in 50C/50B ratio as being the most promising in the adsorption of the chemical elements of the reject, when in contact for up to an hour.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical Approach to Groundwater in the Environment of the Public Discharge of Lake Mbeubeuss (Dakar, Senegal)

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 458-465
Author(s):  
Olivier Florent Essouli ◽  
Edmond NICAISE Malanda Nimy ◽  
Timothée Miyouna ◽  
Sophie Aïssatou Gladima-Siby ◽  
Laurent Matini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
The Public ◽  
Ground Waters ◽  
True Value

To determine the origin and the processes of groundwater mineralization in the Mbeubeuss lake area, the major ion concentrations of the groundwater were compared to those of the rainwaters which constitute the input function of the aquifer of the Quaternary sands in the area of lake Mbeubeuss. The physico-chemistry of groundwater near the public discharge and its surroundings, has shown that the true value of the electrical conductivity of waters are around 2000 µS/cm. Values of electrical conductivity greater than 2000 µS/cm would represent the particular mineralization of ground waters by the public discharge of lake Mbeubeuss. The chemical facies of ground waters are dominated by the sodium and potassium chloride and calcium chloride facies. The study of the relationship between the major chemical elements and the chloride ion and the representation in the modified Chadha diagram of the chemical analyzes of ground waters from the campaigns of July 1998, July 2002 and March 2003, made it possible to highlight the different sources and processes controlling the mineralization of ground waters in the Mbeubeuss Lake area. Despite the proximity to the sea which suggests a considerable contribution of salts by aerosols and sea spray, the mineralization of ground waters in the area of lake Mbeubeuss is largely due to leachate from household waste and the influence of old sediments of the dry lake Mbeubeuss. The main processes controlling the mineralization of ground waters are marine contributions (aerosols and sea spray), dissolution-precipitation of minerals from the aquifer matrix, atmospheric CO2 diffusion, base exchanges, dilution-concentration and anthropogenic pollution.

scholarly journals Mecanismes De Contamination Des Eaux Souterraines Dans Le Secteur Du Lac Mbeubeuss, Dakar, Senegal

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (27) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
Essouli Olivier Florent ◽  
Gladima-Siby Sophie Aïssatou ◽  
Miyouna Timothée ◽  
Matini Laurent ◽  
Faye Serigne
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
True Value ◽  
Dry Lake ◽  
Major Chemical ◽  
Eaux Souterraines ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Geological Formations ◽  
Lake Site

The physicochemistry of groundwater in the immediate environment of the dump, and its surroundings, shows that the true value of the electrical conductivity of groundwater is close to 2000 μS / cm. The value of electrical conductivity that is greater than 2000 μS / cm demonstrates groundwater contamination through the Mbeubeuss Lake landfill, with chemical groundwater facies dominated by Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, and Calcium Chloride. The study of the unsaturated zone of the aquifer and the relationship between the major chemical elements of groundwater, rainwater, and seawater made it possible to specify, on one hand, the sources of mineralization of the groundwater at the Mbeubeuss Lake site and its surroundings. Indeed, the situation close to the sea would suggest a considerable intake of salts by aerosols and sea spray. Based on contribution to this study, the influence of the old sediments of the dry Lake Mbeubeuss and the percolation of leachates resulting from the decomposition of garbage landfilled under the action of rainwater would be added. On the other hand, this study also made it possible to determine the main processes of controlling the mineralization of groundwater. This includes the marine inputs, the dissolution-precipitation of clay minerals present in the geological formations constituting the aquifer, the dilution- concentration, evaporation, and anthropogenic pollution.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITY OF THE WATER OF FOUR LAKES OF THE FERKESSEDOUGOU DAM (NORTH OF COTE DIVOIRE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1426-1438
Author(s):  
Coulibaly Lereyaha ◽  
◽  
Kouakou Koffi Amoulaye ◽  
Ouattara Ismaila ◽  
Kamagate Bamory ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Chemical Quality ◽  
The North ◽  
Turbid Waters ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Catchment Areas

Runoff from the catchment areas of the reservoirs is partly responsible for the chemical quality of the water. The main objective of this study was to compare the physico-chemical quality of the waters of four lakes in the sub-county of Ferkessedougou located in the north of Cote dIvoire. After application of the referenced analytical methods, the contents of chemical elements were subjected to statistical processing, mainly principal component analysis (PCA). The study revealed a categorization of the water in the reservoirs. On the whole, the water in the reservoirs is poorly mineralized, thus justifying a low electrical conductivity (66.67 to 138.04 µS/cm). The Bakaryvogo lake, richer in dissolved elements, is opposed to the Korobelekaha and Dekokaha lakes, which have the lowest electrical conductivity, unlike the others. The lake of Sepenediokaha is distinguished by turbid waters rich in organic matter (COD) and suspended solids (SS). This study provided an overview of the quality of the water, which remains a function of the activities in the catchment areas. Furthermore, the waters of these reservoirs are potentially threatened by the phenomenon of eutrophization given the levels of nutrients measured. Indeed, the concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and phosphorus, although lower than the thresholds allowed by the WHO, are significant. There are also significant levels of phosphorus. In addition, the average Fe2+ content measured (0.78 mg/L) is above WHO standards.

Prediction of new additives for galvanizing process by the properties of their constituent chemical elements

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1791-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
HongMei Jin ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Ping Wu
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Valence Electron ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Valence Orbital ◽  
Bulk Properties ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Steel Weight ◽  
Electrochemical Factor

Chemical element properties are generally classified in six groups: size, atomic number, electrochemical factor, valence-electron, cohesive energy, and angular valence-orbital. It is well known that some bulk properties of materials, like electrical conductivity and heat capacity of metals, may be interpreted in principle based on their constituent chemical element properties. In this study, effects of additives in galvanizing have been correlated to the chemical element properties of the additives. By screening all chemical elements (in the periodic table of elements) with this model, new additives, like Ca, Sc, Ge, Sr, and Y, have been predicted to reduce the steel weight loss in galvanizing. This model may also help to design new alloys as additives.

Nuclear Processes Related to the Ap Stars and the Heaviest Chemical Elements

1976 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 169-182
Author(s):  
B. Kuchowicz
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Nuclear Reactions ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Fission Products ◽  
Abundance Pattern ◽  
Isotopic Shifts ◽  
Processed Material ◽  
R Process ◽  
Ap Stars ◽  
Nuclear Processes

SummaryIsotopic shifts in the lines of the heavy elements in Ap stars, and the characteristic abundance pattern of these elements point to the fact that we are observing mainly the products of rapid neutron capture. The peculiar A stars may be treated as the show windows for the products of a recent r-process in their neighbourhood. This process can be located either in Supernovae exploding in a binary system in which the present Ap stars were secondaries, or in Supernovae exploding in young clusters. Secondary processes, e.g. spontaneous fission or nuclear reactions with highly abundant fission products, may occur further with the r-processed material in the surface of the Ap stars. The role of these stars to the theory of nucleosynthesis and to nuclear physics is emphasized.

Removing Substrate Background in TEM Microanalysis

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
John C. Russ ◽  
Nicholas C. Barbi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Organic Film ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Background Signal ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Continuum

The rapid growth of interest in attaching energy-dispersive x-ray analysis systems to transmission electron microscopes has centered largely on microanalysis of biological specimens. These are frequently either embedded in plastic or supported by an organic film, which is of great importance as regards stability under the beam since it provides thermal and electrical conductivity from the specimen to the grid.Unfortunately, the supporting medium also produces continuum x-radiation or Bremsstrahlung, which is added to the x-ray spectrum from the sample. It is not difficult to separate the characteristic peaks from the elements in the specimen from the total continuum background, but sometimes it is also necessary to separate the continuum due to the sample from that due to the support. For instance, it is possible to compute relative elemental concentrations in the sample, without standards, based on the relative net characteristic elemental intensities without regard to background; but to calculate absolute concentration, it is necessary to use the background signal itself as a measure of the total excited specimen mass.

Macromolecular structures of biological specimens are not obscured by controlled osmium impregnation

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 606-607
Author(s):  
Klaus-Ruediger Peters ◽  
Samuel A. Green
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Critical Point ◽  
Metal Films ◽  
High Magnification ◽  
Osmium Impregnation ◽  
Instrumental Resolution ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Continuous Metal

High magnification imaging of macromolecules on metal coated biological specimens is limited only by wet preparation procedures since recently obtained instrumental resolution allows visualization of topographic structures as smal l as 1-2 nm. Details of such dimensions may be visualized if continuous metal films with a thickness of 2 nm or less are applied. Such thin films give sufficient contrast in TEM as well as in SEM (SE-I image mode). The requisite increase in electrical conductivity for SEM of biological specimens is achieved through the use of ligand mediated wet osmiuum impregnation of the specimen before critical point (CP) drying. A commonly used ligand is thiocarbohvdrazide (TCH), first introduced to TEM for en block staining of lipids and glvcomacromolecules with osmium black. Now TCH is also used for SEM. However, after ligand mediated osinification nonspecific osmium black precipitates were often found obscuring surface details with large diffuse aggregates or with dense particular deposits, 2-20 nm in size. Thus, only low magnification work was considered possible after TCH appl ication.

Quantitative parallel EELS spectrum imaging developed as a new tool in AEM

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1202-1203
Author(s):  
Gianluigi Botton ◽  
Gilles L'espérance
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Personal Computer ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Present Author ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Quantitative Performance ◽  
Spectrum Imaging

As interest for parallel EELS spectrum imaging grows in laboratories equipped with commercial spectrometers, different approaches were used in recent years by a few research groups in the development of the technique of spectrum imaging as reported in the literature. Either by controlling, with a personal computer both the microsope and the spectrometer or using more powerful workstations interfaced to conventional multichannel analysers with commercially available programs to control the microscope and the spectrometer, spectrum images can now be obtained. Work on the limits of the technique, in terms of the quantitative performance was reported, however, by the present author where a systematic study of artifacts detection limits, statistical errors as a function of desired spatial resolution and range of chemical elements to be studied in a map was carried out The aim of the present paper is to show an application of quantitative parallel EELS spectrum imaging where statistical analysis is performed at each pixel and interpretation is carried out using criteria established from the statistical analysis and variations in composition are analyzed with the help of information retreived from t/γ maps so that artifacts are avoided.

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