The incidence of morbidity and mortality related to CVD is rather low in a paediatric
population. Studies investigating the relationship between physical activity, physical
fitness, and cardiovascular health in children and adolescents are therefore mostly
limited to CVD risk factors as outcome measures. For this reason, this chapter will
focus on the association of physical activity and physical fitness with CVD risk
factors in children and adolescents. These risk factors can be divided into the
so-called traditional CVD risk factors; that is, lipoproteins [total cholesterol,
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol,
triglycerides (TG)], blood pressure, body fatness, and diabetes, and ‘new’ CVD risk
factors; that is, other lipoproteins [lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), apolipoprotein (apo)B,
and apoA-1], coagulation and inflammation markers [fibrinogen, C-reactive protein
(CRP)], homocysteine, and heart rate variability.