Energy-saving and rapid transesterification of jatropha oil using a microwave heating system with ionic liquid catalyst

Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) is a typical Indonesian plant. Its seed contains abundant inedible oil, and therefore it is potential for biodiesel feedstock. The current issues of biodiesel are longer reaction time of oil to biodiesel through transesterification reaction and lower biodiesel yield due to ineffective use of a homogenous catalyst. This work was aimed to use an ionic liquid as a catalyst and equipped with microwave heating as the heating system in order to increase the biodiesel yield and accelerate the process. Effects of the catalyst concentration and power of microwave irradiation to the biodiesel yield were studied. The ionic liquid of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (BMIMHSO4) was used as a catalyst. The results showed that the highest biodiesel yield was achieved of 92.81% which was catalyzed by IL0.5NaOH0.5 (0.5 wt.% (BMIMHSO4) + 0.5 wt.% NaOH) with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9, a reaction time of 6 minutes, and the microwave temperature was 60 °C. Copyright © 2017 BCREC Group. All rights reservedReceived: 21st November 2016; Revised: 7th March 2017; Accepted: 9th March 2017How to Cite: Handayani, P.A., Abdullah, A., Hadiyanto, H. (2017). Biodiesel Production from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) Oil using Ionic Liquid as A Catalyst and Microwave Heating System. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 12 (2): 293-298 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.12.2.807.293-298)Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.12.2.807.293-298

Download Full-text

Microwaves and Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Review on Selected Catalytic Processes

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal10020246 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 246 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Vincenzo Palma ◽

Daniela Barba ◽

Marta Cortese ◽

Marco Martino ◽

Simona Renda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heterogeneous Catalysis ◽

Energy Saving ◽

Microwave Heating ◽

Microwave Radiation ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Conventional Heating ◽

Specific Effects ◽

Natural Choice ◽

Future Challenges ◽

Catalyzed Reactions

Since the late 1980s, the scientific community has been attracted to microwave energy as an alternative method of heating, due to the advantages that this technology offers over conventional heating technologies. In fact, differently from these, the microwave heating mechanism is a volumetric process in which heat is generated within the material itself, and, consequently, it can be very rapid and selective. In this way, the microwave-susceptible material can absorb the energy embodied in the microwaves. Application of the microwave heating technique to a chemical process can lead to both a reduction in processing time as well as an increase in the production rate, which is obtained by enhancing the chemical reactions and results in energy saving. The synthesis and sintering of materials by means of microwave radiation has been used for more than 20 years, while, future challenges will be, among others, the development of processes that achieve lower greenhouse gas (e.g., CO2) emissions and discover novel energy-saving catalyzed reactions. A natural choice in such efforts would be the combination of catalysis and microwave radiation. The main aim of this review is to give an overview of microwave applications in the heterogeneous catalysis, including the preparation of catalysts, as well as explore some selected microwave assisted catalytic reactions. The review is divided into three principal topics: (i) introduction to microwave chemistry and microwave materials processing; (ii) description of the loss mechanisms and microwave-specific effects in heterogeneous catalysis; and (iii) applications of microwaves in some selected chemical processes, including the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts.

Download Full-text

Energy Saving and Charging Discharging Characteristics of Multiple PCMs Subjected to Internal Air Flow

Fluids ◽

10.3390/fluids6080275 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. 275

Author(s):

Ahmed J. Hamad

Keyword(s):

Phase Change ◽

Energy Saving ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Temperature Control ◽

Phase Change Materials ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Heating System ◽

Air Heating ◽

Room Model ◽

Model Temperature

One essential utilization of phase change materials as energy storage materials is energy saving and temperature control in air conditioning and indirect solar air drying systems. This study presents an experimental investigation evaluating the characteristics and energy savings of multiple phase change materials subjected to internal flow in an air heating system during charging and discharging cycles. The experimental tests were conducted using a test rig consisting of two main parts, an air supply duct and a room model equipped with phase change materials (PCMs) placed in rectangular aluminum panels. Analysis of the results was based on three test cases: PCM1 (Paraffin wax) placed in the air duct was used alone in the first case; PCM2 (RT–42) placed in the room model was used alone in the second case; and in the third case, the two PCMs (PCM1 and PCM2) were used at the same time. The results revealed a significant improvement in the energy savings and room model temperature control for the air heating system incorporated with multiple PCMs compared with that of a single PCM. Complete melting during the charging cycle occurred at temperatures in the range of 57–60 °C for PCM1 and 38–43 °C for PCM2, respectively, thereby validating the reported PCMs’ melting–solidification results. Multiple PCMs maintained the room air temperature at the desired range of 35–45.2 °C in the air heating applications by minimizing the air temperature fluctuations. The augmentation in discharging time and improvement in the room model temperature using multiple PCMs were about 28.4% higher than those without the use of PCMs. The total energy saving using two PCMs was higher by about 29.5% and 46.7% compared with the use of PCM1 and PCM2, respectively. It can be concluded that multiple PCMs have revealed higher energy savings and thermal stability for the air heating system considered in the current study.

Download Full-text

Using Reverse Osmosis Membrane at High Temperature for Water Recovery and Regeneration from Thermo-Responsive Ionic Liquid-Based Draw Solution for Efficient Forward Osmosis

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes11080588 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 588

Author(s):

Eiji Kamio ◽

Hiroki Kurisu ◽

Tomoki Takahashi ◽

Atsushi Matsuoka ◽

Tomohisa Yoshioka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

High Temperature ◽

Energy Saving ◽

Osmotic Pressure ◽

Reverse Osmosis ◽

Forward Osmosis ◽

Solution Temperature ◽

Water Recovery ◽

Temperature Dependent ◽

Draw Solution

Forward osmosis (FO) membrane process is expected to realize energy-saving seawater desalination. To this end, energy-saving water recovery from a draw solution (DS) and effective DS regeneration are essential. Recently, thermo-responsive DSs have been developed to realize energy-saving water recovery and DS regeneration. We previously reported that high-temperature reverse osmosis (RO) treatment was effective in recovering water from a thermo-responsive ionic liquid (IL)-based DS. In this study, to confirm the advantages of the high-temperature RO operation, thermo-sensitive IL-based DS was treated by an RO membrane at temperatures higher than the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the DS. Tetrabutylammonium 2,4,6-trimethylbenznenesulfonate ([N4444][TMBS]) with an LCST of 58 °C was used as the DS. The high-temperature RO treatment was conducted at 60 °C above the LCST using the [N4444][TMBS]-based DS-lean phase after phase separation. Because the [N4444][TMBS]-based DS has a significantly temperature-dependent osmotic pressure, the DS-lean phase can be concentrated to an osmotic pressure higher than that of seawater at room temperature (20 °C). In addition, water can be effectively recovered from the DS-lean phase until the DS concentration increased to 40 wt%, and the final DS concentration reached 70 wt%. From the results, the advantages of RO treatment of the thermo-responsive DS at temperatures higher than the LCST were confirmed.

Download Full-text

Temperatrue Control of Microwave Heating System by Adaptive Dynamic Programming

2020 International Conference on Advanced Mechatronic Systems (ICAMechS) ◽

10.1109/icamechs49982.2020.9310164 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Weidong Cheng ◽

Tong Liu ◽

Shan Liang

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Programming ◽

Microwave Heating ◽

Heating System ◽

Adaptive Dynamic Programming ◽

Adaptive Dynamic

Download Full-text

Effects of energy saving and emission reduction in the heating system part of the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings—Based on China’s first residential area with a 75% energy saving standard

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/647/1/012138 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 647 ◽

pp. 012138

Author(s):

Meijie Zhang ◽

Yiyang Liu ◽

Zebin Shen

Keyword(s):

Energy Saving ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Heating System ◽

Residential Area ◽

Existing Buildings ◽

System Part

Download Full-text

Research on Electromagnetic Sensitivity Properties of Sodium Chloride during Microwave Heating

High Temperature Materials and Processes ◽

10.1515/htmp-2020-0048 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 54-62

Author(s):

Hua Chen ◽

Junjiang Chen ◽

Weijun Wang ◽

Huan Lin

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Electric Field ◽

Water Content ◽

Heating Rate ◽

Microwave Heating ◽

Resonant Cavity ◽

Relative Dielectric Constant ◽

Heating System ◽

Heating Process ◽

Heating Efficiency

AbstractThe multimode resonant cavity is the most common cavity. The material often shows on selective heating performance during the heating process due to the effect of microwave heating having a closely relationship with the electromagnetism parameters. This paper is based on finite difference time domain method (FDTD) to establish the electromagnetic-thermal model. The electromagnetic sensitivity property parameters of sodium chloride including relative dielectric constant, loss angle tangent and water content of sodium chloride is studied during the heating and drying process. The heating rate and the electric field distribution of sodium chloride, at the different water content, were simulated with the electromagnetic characteristic parameters changing. The results show that with the electromagnetic sensitivity property parameters varying, the electric field strength, heating rate and steady-state temperature of the heating material will all have a variety in the cavity. Some measures are proposed to improve the heating efficiency and ensure the stability of the microwave heating system in the industrial application.

Download Full-text