scholarly journals Safe drinking water for rural communities using a low-cost household system. Effects of water matrix and field testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 102400
Author(s):  
N. Pichel ◽  
H. Lubarsky ◽  
A. Afkhami ◽  
V. Baldasso ◽  
L. Botero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Water Matrix ◽  
Household System

scholarly journals Fe0/H2O Filtration Systems for Decentralized Safe Drinking Water: Where to from Here?

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Nanseu-Njiki ◽  
Willis Gwenzi ◽  
Martin Pengou ◽  
Mohammad Rahman ◽  
Chicgoua Noubactep
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Iron Corrosion ◽  
Small Communities

Inadequate access to safe drinking water is one of the most pervasive problems currently afflicting the developing world. Scientists and engineers are called to present affordable but efficient solutions, particularly applicable to small communities. Filtration systems based on metallic iron (Fe0) are discussed in the literature as one such viable solution, whether as a stand-alone system or as a complement to slow sand filters (SSFs). Fe0 filters can also be improved by incorporating biochar to form Fe0-biochar filtration systems with potentially higher contaminant removal efficiencies than those based on Fe0 or biochar alone. These three low-cost and chemical-free systems (Fe0, biochar, SSFs) have the potential to provide universal access to safe drinking water. However, a well-structured systematic research is needed to design robust and efficient water treatment systems based on these affordable filter materials. This communication highlights the technology being developed to use Fe0-based systems for decentralized safe drinking water provision. Future research directions for the design of the next generation Fe0-based systems are highlighted. It is shown that Fe0 enhances the efficiency of SSFs, while biochar has the potential to alleviate the loss of porosity and uncertainties arising from the non-linear kinetics of iron corrosion. Fe0-based systems are an affordable and applicable technology for small communities in low-income countries, which could contribute to attaining self-reliance in clean water supply and universal public health.

scholarly journals Photocatalytic Enhancement for Solar Disinfection of Water: A Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anthony Byrne ◽  
Pilar A. Fernandez-Ibañez ◽  
Patrick S. M. Dunlop ◽  
Dheaya M. A. Alrousan ◽  
Jeremy W. J. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Semiconductor Photocatalysis ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
Clean Drinking Water

It is estimated that 884 million people lack access to improved water supplies. Many more are forced to rely on supplies that are microbiologically unsafe, resulting in a higher risk of waterborne diseases, including typhoid, hepatitis, polio, and cholera. Due to poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water, there are around 4 billion cases of diarrhea each year resulting in 2.2 million deaths, most of these are children under five. While conventional interventions to improve water supplies are effective, there is increasing interest in household-based interventions to produce safe drinking water at an affordable cost for developing regions. Solar disinfection (SODIS) is a simple and low cost technique used to disinfect drinking water, where water is placed in transparent containers and exposed to sunlight for 6 hours. There are a number of parameters which affect the efficacy of SODIS, including the solar irradiance, the quality of the water, and the nature of the contamination. One approach to SODIS enhancement is the use of semiconductor photocatalysis to produce highly reactive species that can destroy organic pollutants and inactivate water pathogens. This paper presents a critical review concerning semiconductor photocatalysis as a potential enhancement technology for solar disinfection of water.

scholarly journals Manganese Removal Status by Arsenic Removal Technologies Available in Bangladesh: Manganese Removal Treatment by Sodium Hypochlorite

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-296
Author(s):  
S Siraj ◽  
AI Kazi ◽  
S Ahmed ◽  
MA Akbor ◽  
A Ahsan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Limit Set ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Technology ◽  
Manganese Removal ◽  
Removal Technologies ◽  
Chlorine Oxidation

In addition to arsenic, the groundwater in Bangladesh is often found to be contaminated with manganese whose permissible limit set by WHO being 400 ppb in drinking water. Since most arsenic removal technologies (ARTs) are designed to remove As and not to remove Mn, during field testing and verification of performance of ARTs under the Bangladesh Environmental Technology Verification-Support to Arsenic Mitigation (BETV-SAM) project of BCSIR, it has been found that only the Sono technology using Fe0 as arsenic removal medium which can also remove Mn to produce Mn safe drinking water but others such as Alcan, Read-F household, Sidko, Nelima, Shawdesh cannot. During field testing of these technologies under the BETV-SAM project, it has been attempted to treat Mn by a traditional chlorine oxidation method to produce Mn safe drinking water. Concentrations of dissolved As (T), As (III), Fe, Mn and pH in the considered well water for manganese treatment were in ranges of 125 - 1247 ppb, 116 - 1127 ppb, 1.40 - 15.5 ppm, 505 - 2245 ppb and 7.0 to 7.5, respectively. The required chlorine dose and time for treatment of manganese in 20 L water have been found to be 6.2 - 12.4 ppm and 1 - 2 h, respectively. Keyword: Arsenic; Manganese; ART; Verification; Chlorine; Iron. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i3.9033 BJSIR 2011; 46(3): 291-296

Spring Health’s Tryst: Selling Safe Drinking Water

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 219-237
Author(s):  
Sumita Sindhi ◽  
Pranab Ranjan Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Indian States ◽  
East Indian ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Customer Base ◽  
Challenging Situation

The case talks about Spring Health Water India Private Limited (referred as SH), a social enterprise delivering safe drinking water to the millions who are earning less than $2 per day. Chairman of Spring Health Paul Polak, took up for-profit business venture as a measure to ensure health and poverty alleviation in rural areas. The idea is to provide affordable drinking water through decentralized delivery and utilizing local resources and grassroot entrepreneurs to keep the drinking water prices low. This venture provided extra income to some of the villagers — as entrepreneurs, business assistants, delivery boys, masons and plumbers, etc. Many innovative methods are adopted in the process to reach out to all social groups, in least possible time and at highly affordable prices. Effort is made to maximize customer base by using marketing techniques which are culturally and socially sensitive. Technology used in the process of chlorination is simple and with little knowledge/experience a villager can handle it too. It is a low cost technology and hence utilizes less resources, which are easily available and do not require high costs of handling and managing. The target is to reach 200 million people in the coming years covering East Indian states of Odisha, Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Jharkhand. To reach such scale, it requires concerted efforts on the part of company and a lot of funding support. Launch at each new village is a new challenge. Convincing rural masses on safe drinking water is a challenge and selling water with a price tag is not readily accepted in rural areas. Chairman Paul Polak and CEO Kishan Nanavati have a challenging situation of convincing people to buy safe drinking water and to mobilize funds for further expansion.

Low Cost Real Time Water effluence Monitoring and Controlling System using IOT Module

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 05-07
Author(s):  
Nicolette Léveillé
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Controlling System ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Minimal Effort ◽  
Traditional Strategy

Water is an essential component required for people and thusly there must be instruments set up to overwhelmingly test the nature of savouring water ongoing. The traditional strategy for taxing water excellence is to accumulate tests of water physically and investigate. This strategy is tedious, surplus of labour, and not conservative. This paper proposes a minimal effort framework for constant water contamination observing and domineering utilizing IoT. The Zig-Bee module in the framework moves information gathered by the sensors to the micro-controller remotely, and GSM based module moves remotely the information MC to PC. The sensor esteems prepared by Raspberry pi and send to the cloud. The framework likewise has nearness sensors to make the authorities by communicating something specific aware of them through the GSM module in the event that somebody attempts to contaminate the water body. This framework can keep an exacting mind the contamination of the water assets and have the option to give a situation to safe drinking water.

scholarly journals Application of the Kilimanjaro Concept in Reversing Seawater Intrusion and Securing Water Supply in Zanzibar, Tanzania

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2085
Author(s):  
Zuleikha Pembe-Ali ◽  
Tulinave Burton Mwamila ◽  
Mesia Lufingo ◽  
Willis Gwenzi ◽  
Janeth Marwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Seawater Intrusion ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Salinity Levels

There is escalating salinity levels on small islands due to uncontrolled groundwater extraction. Conventionally, this challenge is addressed by adopting optimal groundwater pumping strategies. Currently, on Unguja Island (Zanzibar), urban freshwater is supplied by desalination, which is expensive and energy-intensive. Hence, desalinization cannot be afforded by rural communities. This study demonstrates that the innovative Kilimanjaro Concept (KC), based on rainwater harvesting (RWH) can remediate seawater intrusion in Unguja, while enabling a universal safe drinking water supply. The reasoning is rooted in the water balance of the whole island. It is shown that if rainwater is systematically harvested, quantitatively stored, and partly infiltrated, seawater intrusion will be reversed, and a universal safe drinking water supply will be secured. Water treatment with affordable technologies (e.g., filtration and adsorption) is suggested. The universality of KC and its suitability for small islands is demonstrated. Future research should focus on pilot testing of this concept on Unguja Island and other island nations.

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