Determination and prediction of digestible and metabolizable energy of soybean meal and wheat bran for finishing pigs

Thirty-six boars and 36 barrows were fed four diets. The control was a fortified corn-soybean meal diet. Diets 50 L and 100 L were lysine-supplemented, and 48% and 95%, respectively, of the corn and soybean meal were replaced by Tibor naked oats. Diet 100 (unsupplemented) contained 95% naked oats. The diets were pelleted and given ad libitum to pigs housed three per pen. At a slaughter liveweight of approximately 90 kg, the left side of the carcass was used for carcass and meat quality examinations and samples were taken for fatty acid (FA) analysis. Additionally, 24 boars and 24 barrows were fed the four diets in a metabolism trial to determine metabolizable energy and nitrogen values. Daily gain by pigs fed Diet 100 was less (P < 0.01), and their times to market weight were 10 and 8 d longer, respectively, than pigs fed Diets 50 L and 100 L. Boars ate significantly less feed daily than barrows, and the rate of gain for boars was less and feed efficiency higher than for barrows. Total yield of lean meat was less (P < 0.05) from Diet 100 pigs than from those fed the other diets. The carcass index was higher (P < 0.05) for boars (106) than for barrows (102). The FA profile for the Tibor naked oats was very similar to that reported in a previous study even though the two crops were grown on different farms and 1 yr apart. Naked oats increased significantly the concentration of 18:1n–9 and 20:1 in the carcass backfat, but did not influence the quality of the loin muscle fat. An increased (P < 0.05) intensity of flavor in the pork loin roasts was associated with the naked oats diets. Boar roasts scored higher (P < 0.05) for juiciness than those from barrows; there was no difference in boar taint between the two sexes. The metabolizable energy value of the control diet was higher than those of the oats diets; significantly higher when corrected for N retained. Pigs fed Diet 100 L retained (P < 0.05) the most N (18.7 g d−1) and Diet 100 the least (15.8 g d−1). Nitrogen retention as a proportion of N intake was more (P < 0.05) for boars than for barrows. This study supported the inclusion of at least 48% naked oats in a diet for growing-finishing pigs. Key words: Boars, oats (naked), metabolism, carcass, fatty acids, meat quality

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Inclusion of wheat bran in barley-soybean meal diets with different phosphorus levels for growing-finishing pigs II. Performance and bone mineralization in growing-finishing pigs

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.72686 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 41-48

Author(s):

Eija Helander ◽

Kirsi Partanen

Keyword(s):

Wheat Bran ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Live Weight ◽

Conversion Ratio ◽

Feed Conversion Ratio ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Phosphorus Levels

The experiment was conducted to study whether wheat bran (WB) phytase could improve the availability of intrinsic phosphorus (P) in commercial barley-soybean meal diets enough to replace the added inorganic P partly or completely in the diets of growing-finishing pigs (30-100 kg). Performance as well as certain chemical and physical parameters of the tibia and fibula bones were used as criteria for the WB phytase effect. The experiment was conducted using a 2x3 factorial arrangement. The factors were wheat bran (WB) level - either 0 (WB-) or 100 g/kg (WB+), and phosphorus level - high (HP), medium (MP) and low (LP) corresponding to 4.33 g, 2.99 g and 1.64 g digestible P per a feed unit (FU = 0.7 kg starch equivalent), respectively. The measured digestible P contents of the diets were 4.2, 4.2, 2.7, 2.5, 1.4 and 1.8 g/kg DM, respectively. A content of 2.5-2.7 g of digestible P/kg DM in the diet proved to be sufficient for the whole growing period, but the lowest phosphorus levels led to an impaired growth rate, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. However, after reaching 60 kg live weight, the pigs on LPWB- and LPWB+ diets were able to grow and utilize feed as effectively as the other pigs. WB at a level of 100 g/kg had no significant effect on the performance, feed conversion ratio or carcass quality criteria of the pigs on any diet. WB phytase showed a positive effect on bone breaking strength on the LP diet.

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Inclusion of wheat bran in barley-soybean meal diets with different phosphorus levels for growing-finishing pigs I. Effects on nutrient digestibility and mineral balances in finishing pigs

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.72685 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 27-39

Author(s):

Eija Helander ◽

Matti Näsi ◽

Kirsi Partanen

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

The Other ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Cyclic Change ◽

P Utilization ◽

Phosphorus Levels

The effect of the intrinsic phytase of wheat bran (WB) on phytin-phosphorus availability to pigs on barley-soybean meal diets was measured in a digestibility and balance experiment using a 2x3 factorial arrangement in a 6x5 cyclic change-over design. The factors were WB inclusion (0 or 100 g per kg, later referred to as WB- and WB+, respectively) and three phosphorus (P) levels: high (HP), medium (MP) and low (LP). The inclusion of WB in the diet did not significantly improve dietary P utilization. However, the absorption and retention of P appeared to be slightly improved by WB inclusion in the LP diet. This improvement may be due to WB phytase. The effects of WB on the digestibility and balance of other minerals remained relatively small. The P level, on the other hand, had a greater effect on mineral balances. Ash digestibility was not affected by the treatments. Dry matter and organic matter digestibilities were impaired when WB was included in the diet. N absorption of intake was higher (p

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Xylanases in diets with alternative feeds and energy reduction in commercial layers

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n5p3007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 3007-3028

Author(s):

Gislaine da Cunha de Andrade ◽

◽

Elis Regina de Moraes Garcia ◽

Charles Kiefer ◽

Fabiana Fonseca Zanoelo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wheat Bran ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Control Diet ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Production Costs ◽

Energy Reduction ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Alternative Ingredients ◽

Factor Design ◽

Alternative Feeds

The use of alternative ingredients has been increasing in a continuing attempt to reduce production costs, along with the use of additives, such as carbohydrases, for their possible positive effects on nutrient metabolization by layers. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different xylanases in diets with reduced metabolizable energy (ME) and the inclusion of alternative ingredients on the metabolizability of nutrients in diets for commercial laying hens, by conducting two metabolism tests. In the first trial,100 layers hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design (two metabolizable energy reductions × two xylanases, plus one control diet). In the second assay,140 layer hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 3 + 2 factor design (two xylanases× three ingredients, plus two control diets, positive and negative). It was concluded that supplementation with pantanal xylanase improved the metabolizability of nutrients in corn-based diets and soybean meal for light commercial layers, allowing for a reduction of up to 200 kcal/kg of ME in the diets. Xylanases are more effective on wheat bran enabling a decrease of 150 kcal/kg of ME in commercial laying diets without affecting nutrient metabolizability. The action of pantanal xylanase in diets containing fibrous ingredients was similar to that of commercial xylanase.

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Using Linear Equations Approach to Formulate Balanced and Least-Cost Ration for Dairy Cattl

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/910/1/012089 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 910 (1) ◽

pp. 012089

Author(s):

Sary Mahir Ailia Shaawi ◽

Noor Ezat Jalil Astefan

Keyword(s):

Wheat Bran ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Linear Equations ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Microsoft Excel ◽

Protein Ratio ◽

Several Variables ◽

Mathematical Formulas ◽

The Cost

Abstract The main objective of this study was to find an effective way to use linear equations for the purpose of creating a balanced ration at the lowest possible cost for dairy cattle by using linear equations and solving these equations through the Solver tool provided by MS-Excel. Samples of barley, corn, wheat bran, soybean meal and wheat straw were collected from the local markets and the necessary chemical analyzes were performed for them. after that the mathematical formulas of the linear equations were developed according to the specified constraints for crude protein ratio, value of metabolizable energy and the percentage of each calcium and phosphorus, which meets the needs of a medium-production dairy cow (15 kg) and weighting (650 kg). then the data was entered into Microsoft Excel and the equations were solved by Solver tool. The results showed a superior ability of linear equations to solve the problems consisting of several variables where the feed was formed by mixing barley, Corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, wheat hay, calcium phosphate and salt in proportions ( 5, 17.91, 50, 10.76, 13.66, 1.64 and 1) respectively, The cost of the feed mixture was (268.6 $/ton), which is the lowest possible cost for a ration that meets the required needs, linear programming will provide the animal breeders efficiency with the highest production by reducing the costs and balancing of the ration through the steps described in the search.

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Energy coefficients of plant foods for broiler chickens at different ages

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4p2119 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 2119

Author(s):

José Luiz Schneiders ◽

Ricardo Vianna Nunes ◽

Rodrigo André Schöne ◽

Rafael Frank ◽

Thaís Lorana Savoldi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soybean Oil ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Plant Foods ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Different Ages ◽

Gross Energy

In order to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), the AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), the apparent coefficients of metabolization (ACM) of gross energy and the ACM corrected for nitrogen balance (ACMn), an experiment was conducted to evaluate five different plant foods (corn, soybean meal, deactivated full-fat soybean, wheat bran and soybean oil) for broilers at different ages (1-8, 11-18, 21-28, 31-38 and 41-48 days). The method of total excreta collection was used, divided into five metabolism assays. The birds were housed in metabolic cages in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and five replicates per treatment, totaling 25 experimental units. The AME and AMEn values increased with the age of the birds for most foods, except soybean meal. The smaller AMC and AMCn of gross energy were obtained for wheat bran. There was adjustment of the equation to the linear response plateau model for the ACM of corn, soybean meal and deactivated full-fat soybean. The wheat bran and soybean oil were adjusted to the linear regression model. The equations show that the digestibility of energy tends to increase with age, except for soybean meal, which had higher metabolization with younger birds. We conclude that the age of the birds influences the determination of the metabolizable energy of feed.

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170 Energy values and digestibility of amino acids in dried yeast and soybean meal fed to pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.109 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 61-61

Author(s):

Chan Sol Park ◽

Ayodeji S Aderibigbe ◽

Gary Hayen ◽

Olayiwola Adeola

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Block Design ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Sole Source ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Canola Meal ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Blocking Factors

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in dried yeast (DY) and soybean meal (SBM) fed to pigs. In Exp. 1, 30 barrows with an initial body weight (BW) of 20.7 ± 1.01 were assigned to 5 diets in a randomized complete block design with period and BW as blocking factors. A basal diet was prepared to contain corn, canola meal, and soybean oil as energy-contributing ingredients. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 5 or 10 g/kg DY or SBM at the expense of energy-contributing ingredients in the basal diet to estimate the DE and ME in test ingredients by regression analysis. On a dry matter basis, estimated DE and ME in DY were 4,022 and 3,352 kcal/kg, respectively, and those in SBM were 3,876 and 3,601kcal/kg, respectively. There was no difference in estimated DE or ME between DY and SBM. In Exp. 2, 21 barrows (initial BW = 20.0 ± 1.31 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were assigned to 3 diets in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. Two diets were prepared to contain DY or SBM as the sole source of nitrogen, and a nitrogen-free diet was prepared to determine the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. The SID of AA, except for Gly and Pro, in SBM were greater (P < 0.05) than in DY. The SID of indispensable AA in DY ranged from 64.7% for Thr to 86.1% for Arg, whereas those in SBM ranged from 84.8% for Thr to 92.3% for Arg. In conclusion, energy values in DY was comparable with SBM, but the SID of most AA in DY were less than in SBM.

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167 Effects of L-lys Hcl and Distillers Dried Grains Inclusion Rate on Growth Performance of Finishing Pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.096 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 57-57

Author(s):

Henrique S Cemin ◽

Luke A Swalla ◽

Jamie L Pietig ◽

Sharlie A Hansen ◽

Ernie L Hansen

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Distillers Dried Grains ◽

White Grease ◽

Inclusion Rate ◽

Quadratic Response ◽

High Level ◽

Crystalline Amino Acids

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of L-Lys HCl inclusion in diets with or without distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance of finishing pigs. A total of 2,414 pigs (initial BW = 92.7 kg) were used in a 34-d trial. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial treatment structure with two levels of DDGS (0 or 10%) and three levels of L-Lys HCl (0.2, 0.3, or 0.4%). Diets were corn and soybean meal-based and were formulated to be isocaloric (NE = 2,668 kcal/kg) and isolysinic (0.75% SID Lys) by adjusting the inclusion of soybean meal, crystalline amino acids, and choice white grease. All other nutrient levels met or exceeded the NRC (2012) requirement estimates. There were 16 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data was analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. There was no evidence (P > 0.10) for interactive effects between L-Lys HCl and DDGS inclusion rate. Pigs fed diets with 10% DDGS had improved (P = 0.002) G:F, but there was no evidence (P > 0.10) for differences in ADG or ADFI. Pigs fed increasing levels of L-Lys HCl had higher (linear, P = 0.026) ADFI, decreased (quadratic, P = 0.013) G:F, and a tendency for quadratic response (P = 0.063) in ADG, overall with the poorest performance observed for pigs fed the diet with 0.4% L-Lys HCl. In conclusion, pigs fed 0 or 10% DDGS presented similar performance; however, pigs fed the high level of L-Lys HCl presented decreased performance.

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138 Effects of Increasing Soybean Meal in Corn-based Diets on Growth Performance of Late-finishing Pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.115 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 70-71

Author(s):

Julia P Holen ◽

Robert D Goodband ◽

Mike D Tokach ◽

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Joel M DeRouchey

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Average Length ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Random Effect ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing levels of soybean meal (SBM) replacing feed grade amino acids in corn or corn-dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS)-based diets on growth performance of late finishing pigs. In both experiments, there were 22 to 27 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Average length of the experiments was 35 (Exp. 1) and 29 days (Exp. 2). Diets were balanced to contain 0.70% SID Lys and 2,667 or 2,610 kcal NE/kg for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Minimum amino acid ratios relative to Lys were: Ile, 55; Met&Cys, 60; Thr, 65; Trp, 19.5, and Val, 70. Dietary crude protein ranged from 10.1 to 15.2 for Exp. 1 and 13.6 to 19.4 for Exp. 2. The statistical model considered fixed effects of treatment, linear and quadratic contrasts, and random effect of block. In Exp.1, 1,793 pigs (L337×1050, PIC; initially 104.9 ± 1.4 kg) were fed corn-based diets and pens of pigs were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with increasing SBM from 5 to 20%. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed (G:F) increased (linear; P < 0.05) as SBM increased with the greatest improvement observed as SBM increased from 5 to 8.75%, with little improvement thereafter. In Exp. 2, 1,827 pigs (L337×1050, PIC; initially 97.9 ± 1.1 kg) were used in a similar study as Exp. 1, but all diets contained 25% DDGS and SBM levels increased from 0 to 16%. Overall, G:F and final bodyweight of pigs marginally improved (linear and quadratic, respectively; P < 0.10) as SBM increased, with the greatest performance observed when diets contained 8% SBM. These results suggest that increasing SBM up to 8% at the expense of feed grade amino acids in corn or corn-DDGS-based diets improved ADG or G:F in late-finishing pigs.

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