Dissecting the precise nature of itch-evoked scratching

Abstract We present two cases in which spinal epidural compression was caused by the expansion of bony elements into the spinal canal as a result of osteoblastic metastases. The precise nature of the compression was appreciated only on computed tomography. One patient had immediate and sustained neurological improvement after laminectomy. The other benefited temporarily, but widespread involvement of his spine ultimately led to paraplegia despite two more decompressive procedures. We think that bony expansion of the spine secondary to osteoblastic metastasis is not reversible with radiation therapy alone and is, therefore, an absolute indication for surgical decompression.

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An experimentalist's view of the galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic properties of potassium

Canadian Journal of Physics ◽

10.1139/p82-095 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 60 (5) ◽

pp. 679-686 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

R. Fletcher

Keyword(s):

Experimental Investigation ◽

Charge Density ◽

Charge Density Wave ◽

High Field ◽

Density Wave ◽

The Other ◽

Detailed Structure ◽

Precise Nature ◽

A Charge ◽

Thermomagnetic Properties

This paper provides a brief survey of the experimental and theoretical situation regarding the galvano- and thermomagnetic properties of potassium viewed within the context of the behaviour of other metals. Most of the data are consistent with various sample imperfections as being the major source of the anomalies that are found. However, the precise nature of the imperfections and the mechanism by which the imperfections produce the anomalies are not yet known. It is argued that the recently discovered detailed structure in the high field induced torque of K should be subjected to intensive experimental investigation before drawing any conclusions with regards to the possible presence of a charge density wave; the other magnetotransport properties offer little evidence either for or against such a possibility.

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Jevons's Applications of Utilitarian Theory to Economic Policy

Utilitas ◽

10.1017/s0953820800000704 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 281-306 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sandra J. Peart

Keyword(s):

Economic Policy ◽

Policy Analysis ◽

Marginal Utility ◽

Precise Nature ◽

Utilitarian Theory

The precise nature of W. S. Jevons's utilitarianism as a guiding rule for economic policy has yet to be investigated, and that will be the first issue treated in this paper. While J. A. Schumpeter, for instance, asserted that ‘some of the most prominent exponents of marginal utility’ (including Jevons), were ‘convinced utilitarians’, he did not investigate the further implications for Jevons's policy analysis.

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Tetrarhynchus erinaceus van Beneden. I. Structure of larva and adult worm

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000002778 ◽

1911 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 364-415 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

James Johnstone

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Adult Worm ◽

Alimentary Canal ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Human Food ◽

Public Markets ◽

The Public ◽

Precise Nature ◽

Peculiar Nature ◽

Edible Fish

My attention was first directed to this Cestode in 1906 when I was asked to examine several specimens of edible fish which had been exposed for sale in the public markets and had been condemned as human food on account of the presence of obvious, intrusive bodies in the flesh. In three of these cases the muscles of the flesh of the fishes—a Halibut, a Megrim and a Hake—contained cysts which enclosed the larvae of a Tetrarhynchid, and on examination the latter was identified as T. erinaceus from the peculiar nature of the armature of the proboscides. In another case the wall of the stomach of a Halibut was also infected with the same larvae. Acting on an obsolete principle of Border Law the Fish Inspectors promptly condemned the fishes and then caused them to be examined. I do not think there was any valid reason for the condemnation of the articles of food, for I can find no reference in the literature to the presence of Tetrarhynchids in the human alimentary canal, and there does not appear to be any question of a possible communication of a parasite by the consumption, as food, of such infected flesh. Further the number of larvae present was far too few to lead to any emaciation of the fish, or to the likelihood of the production of toxic substances in the flesh of the animal. Nevertheless the Inspectors probably acted in the interests of the public health in condemning such articles of food as contained obvious cyst-like structures in the flesh, as to the precise nature of which they were ignorant, since there is always the possibility that these bodies might be detrimental to the health of those eating them.

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Versatility of the Cyano Group in Intermolecular Interactions

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25194495 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (19) ◽

pp. 4495

Author(s):

Steve Scheiner

Keyword(s):

Intermolecular Interactions ◽

Lewis Acid ◽

Electrostatic Potential ◽

Cyano Group ◽

Acid Molecule ◽

Cyclic System ◽

Precise Nature ◽

Noncovalent Bond ◽

Positive Region ◽

Cyano Groups

Several cyano groups are added to an alkane, alkene, and alkyne group so as to construct a Lewis acid molecule with a positive region of electrostatic potential in the area adjoining these substituents. Although each individual cyano group produces only a weak π-hole, when two or more such groups are properly situated, they can pool their π-holes into one much more intense positive region that is located midway between them. A NH3 base is attracted to this site, where it forms a strong noncovalent bond to the Lewis acid, amounting to as much as 13.6 kcal/mol. The precise nature of the bonding varies a bit from one complex to the next but typically contains a tetrel bond to the C atoms of the cyano groups or the C atoms of the linkage connecting the C≡N substituents. The placement of the cyano groups on a cyclic system like cyclopropane or cyclobutane has a mild weakening effect upon the binding. Although F is comparable to C≡N in terms of electron-withdrawing power, the replacement of cyano by F substituents substantially weakens the binding with NH3.

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The asymmetric contribution of consonants and vowels to phonological similarity

The Mental Lexicon ◽

10.1075/ml.17010.tur ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 404-430 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rory Turnbull ◽

Sharon Peperkamp

Keyword(s):

Lexical Decision ◽

Response Time ◽

Lexical Access ◽

Phonological Similarity ◽

Lexical Competition ◽

Lexical Priming ◽

Precise Nature ◽

Auditory Lexical Decision ◽

Unrelated Condition

Abstract Lexical priming is known to arise from phonological similarity between prime and target, and this phenomenon is an important component of our understanding of the processes of lexical access and competition. However, the precise nature of the role of phonological similarity in lexical priming is understudied. In the present study, two experiments were conducted in which participants performed auditory lexical decision on CVC targets which were preceded by primes that either matched the target in all phonemes (CVC condition), in the first two phonemes (CV_ condition), the last two phonemes (_VC condition), the initial and last phonemes (C_C condition) or no phonemes (unrelated condition). Relative to the unrelated condition, all conditions except CV_ led to facilitation of response time to target words. The _VC and C_C conditions led to equivalent facilitation magnitude, while the CV_ condition showed neither facilitation nor inhibition. Accounting for these results requires appeal to processes of lexical competition and also to the notion that phonemes do not lend equivalent phonological similarity; that is, vowels and consonants are processed differently.

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Citizens and Soldiers in Archaic Athens

10.1093/oso/9780198817192.003.0004 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Hans van Wees

Keyword(s):

Fifth Century ◽

Democratic Regime ◽

Peloponnesian War ◽

Working Population ◽

Economic Changes ◽

Precise Nature ◽

Historical Tradition ◽

The Military

A reconsideration of the precise nature and extent of the military obligations of citizens in classical Athens reveals that under Athens’ democratic regime these obligations were relatively limited and not systematically enforced. The relevant classical legislation, later historical tradition, and some contemporary archaic evidence are combined to show that in archaic Athens, by contrast, formal military obligations were more extensive and more stringently enforced, but applied only to the leisured elite. The bulk of the working population was also obliged to serve, but only in ‘general levies’, with whatever arms and armour they could afford. This system was fully developed already under Solon and remained in operation until the late fifth century BC, when social and economic changes and the exceptional strain of the Peloponnesian War caused it to be abandoned.

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The Interaction of Rights of Relief and Unjustified Enrichment in Scots Law

Edinburgh Law Review ◽

10.3366/elr.2020.0627 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 202-231

Author(s):

Euan West

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Precise Nature ◽

Full Compensation ◽

The Law ◽

Unjustified Enrichment ◽

Partial Compensation

In Scots law, a cautioner (i.e. a guarantor) who pays the guaranteed debt enjoys so-called “rights of relief” against the other parties liable for that debt: namely, a right to full compensation from the principal debtor (“total relief”) and a right to partial compensation from co-cautioners (“pro rata relief”). There has been an increasing tendency on the part of the Scottish courts to treat these rights of relief as a branch of the law of unjustified enrichment. This analysis, according to which a cautioner's payment of the guaranteed debt enriches the principal debtor and co-cautioners unjustifiably, thereby entitling the cautioner to redress, has been subject to academic criticism, with “enrichment” scholars arguing that rights of relief and unjustified enrichment are distinct areas of law. Building on the work of these scholars, this article explores the precise nature of the distinction between “enrichment” and “relief”, its implications for litigants faced with the choice whether to pursue a case on the basis of “relief” or “enrichment” and the extent to which these legal areas perform complementary roles.

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Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma: Between the Past and the Present

Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.5858/2008-132-1030-mfhbtp ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 132 (6) ◽

pp. 1030-1035 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Osama M. Al-Agha ◽

Anne A. Igbokwe

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Tumor Cells ◽

Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma ◽

Fibrous Histiocytoma ◽

Precise Nature ◽

The Past ◽

Specific Line ◽

Current Terminology

Abstract The precise nature and diagnostic concept of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) has been debated for years. Currently, a histiocytic lineage of the tumor cells is no longer favored. The nomenclature and classification of MFH and its subtypes have also been changed. The MFH pattern, especially that of storiform-pleomorphic variant, is viewed as a morphologic pattern shared by a number of sarcomas as well as by other nonsarcomas. Therefore, a diagnosis of MFH based solely on morphology is no longer acceptable and identification of a line of differentiation should be sought. A diagnosis of MFH should be made only for pleomorphic sarcomas in which no specific line of differentiation is discerned. Precise categorization of MFH-like tumors may require thorough sampling of the tumor and judicious use of immunohistochemistry and/or electron microscopy. Familiarity with the current terminology and classification of MFH and its subtypes is of paramount significance in the modern practice of pathology.

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The Origins of the Re Hastings-Bass Rule

Trustee Decision Making ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198727316.003.0003 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Ashdown

Keyword(s):

Supreme Court ◽

Present State ◽

Practical Importance ◽

Future Application ◽

Precise Nature ◽

The Supreme Court ◽

The Future ◽

The Law ◽

The Many ◽

Court Of Appeal

The present state of the law must now be treated as authoritatively set out by Lord Walker in Pitt v Holt, and to a lesser but still important extent by the earlier judgment of Lloyd LJ in the Court of Appeal in the same case. This chapter, however, is concerned with the earlier development of the Re Hastings-Bass doctrine. Its purpose is to establish the doctrinal legitimacy of the rule in Re Hastings-Bass as an aspect of the English law of trusts. Whilst this is primarily of academic and theoretical concern, in view of the Supreme Court’s reformulation of the law into its present shape, it is also of practical importance. In particular, the future application of the doctrine to novel situations will depend upon understanding the precise nature and scope of the rule propounded by the Supreme Court. That decision cannot simply be divorced from the many decided cases which preceded it, and from its place in the wider compass of the law of trusts.

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