Biochemical differences in the skin of two blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) varieties with contrasting firmness: Implication of ions, metabolites and cell wall related proteins in two developmental stages

Cell cultures derived from strawberry fruit at different developmental stages have been obtained to evaluate their potential use to study different aspects of strawberry ripening. Callus from leaf and cortical tissue of unripe-green, white, and mature-red strawberry fruits were induced in a medium supplemented with 11.3 µM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) under darkness. The transfer of the established callus from darkness to light induced the production of anthocyanin. The replacement of 2,4-D by abscisic acid (ABA) noticeably increased anthocyanin accumulation in green-fruit callus. Cell walls were isolated from the different fruit cell lines and from fruit receptacles at equivalent developmental stages and sequentially fractionated to obtain fractions enriched in soluble pectins, ester bound pectins, xyloglucans (XG), and matrix glycans tightly associated with cellulose microfibrils. These fractions were analyzed by cell wall carbohydrate microarrays. In fruit receptacle samples, pectins were abundant in all fractions, including those enriched in matrix glycans. The amount of pectin increased from green to white stage, and later these carbohydrates were solubilized in red fruit. Apparently, XG content was similar in white and red fruit, but the proportion of galactosylated XG increased in red fruit. Cell wall fractions from callus cultures were enriched in extensin and displayed a minor amount of pectins. Stronger signals of extensin Abs were detected in sodium carbonate fraction, suggesting that these proteins could be linked to pectins. Overall, the results obtained suggest that fruit cell lines could be used to analyze hormonal regulation of color development in strawberry but that the cell wall remodeling process associated with fruit softening might be masked by the high presence of extensin in callus cultures.

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Effect of In Ovo Injection of L-Arginine in Different Chicken Embryonic Development Stages on Post-Hatchability, Immune Response, and Myo-D and Myogenin Proteins

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9060357 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 357 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sivakumar Allur Subramaniyan ◽

Da Rae Kang ◽

Jin Ryong Park ◽

Sharif Hasan Siddiqui ◽

Palanisamy Ravichandiran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Body Weight ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

In Ovo ◽

Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase ◽

In Ovo Injection ◽

Shock Proteins ◽

Related Proteins ◽

Serum Glutamate

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection with different ratios of L-arginine (L-Arg) into Ross broiler eggs at three different embryonic developmental stages (eighth day (d), 14th day, and 18th day) on the survival, hatchability, and body weight (BW) of one-day-old hatched chicks. Additionally, we have analyzed the levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), the protein expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), and we have also determined micronuclei (MN) and nuclear abnormality (NA). In addition, the genotoxic effect was observed in peripheral blood cells such as the presence of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in the experimental groups. The results showed that survival and hatching rates as well as body weight were increased on the 14th day of incubation compared to the eighth and 18th day of incubation at lower concentrations of L-Arg. Moreover, the levels of SGOT and SGPT were also significantly (p < 0.05) increased on the 14th day of incubation at the same concentration (100 μg/μL/egg) of injection. In addition, immunoglobulin (IgM) levels were increased on the 14th day of incubation compared to other days. The protein expressions of HSP-47, HSP-60, and HSP-70 in the liver were significantly down-regulated, whereas the expression of myogenin and myoblast determination protein (MyoD) were significantly up-regulated on the 14th day after incubation when treated with all different doses such as 100 μg, 1000 μg, and 2500 μg/μL/egg, namely 3T1, 3T2, and 3T3, respectively. However, the treatment with low doses of L-Arg down-regulated the expression levels of those proteins on the 14th day of incubation. Histopathology of the liver by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed that the majority of liver damage, specifically intracytoplasmic vacuoles, were observed in the 3T1, 3T2, and 3T3 groups. The minimum dose of 100 μg/mL/egg on the 14th day of incubation significantly prevented intracytoplasmic vacuole damages. These results demonstrate that in ovo administration of L-Arg at (100 μg/μL/egg) may be an effective method to increase chick BW, hatch rate, muscle growth-related proteins, and promote the immune response through increasing IgM on the 14th day of the incubation period.

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Acid phosphatase isoforms in dry seeds and during seedling development in barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b96-083 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 74 (5) ◽

pp. 653-658

Author(s):

S. Pasqualini ◽

P. Batini ◽

L. Ederli ◽

F. Panara ◽

M. Antonielli

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Hordeum Vulgare ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Soluble Fraction ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Seedling Development ◽

Rapid Decrease ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Electrophoretic Patterns

The acid phosphatase activity in the soluble, membrane, and cell wall fractions from Hordeum vulgare in dry seeds and during seedling development was investigated. The acid phosphatase activities were also assayed in barley roots and coleoptiles at different developmental stages. Electrophoretic patterns of multiple acid phosphatases in seeds, endosperms and embryos, and growing roots and coleoptiles are shown. The enzyme activity shows a rapid decrease in both roots and coleoptiles during growth. Using nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, multiple acid phosphatase forms were found in all the organs examined. However, no qualitative differences in the location of bands were observed between root and coleoptile extract at various stages of development. The coleoptile cell wall fraction showed an acid phosphatase form characterized by a very low electrophoretic mobility that was not found in the soluble fraction. Keywords: barley, Hordeum vulgare L., acid phosphatase, isoforms, seedlings growth.

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A Comparative Genome Analysis Identifies Distinct Sorting Pathways in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.72.5.2710-2722.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 72 (5) ◽

pp. 2710-2722 ◽

Cited By ~ 152

Author(s):

David Comfort ◽

Robert T. Clubb

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Surface Proteins ◽

Sequence Motifs ◽

Comparative Genome Analysis ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Microbial Genomes ◽

Searchable Database ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Related Proteins

ABSTRACT Surface proteins in gram-positive bacteria are frequently required for virulence, and many are attached to the cell wall by sortase enzymes. Bacteria frequently encode more than one sortase enzyme and an even larger number of potential sortase substrates that possess an LPXTG-type cell wall sorting signal. In order to elucidate the sorting pathways present in gram-positive bacteria, we performed a comparative analysis of 72 sequenced microbial genomes. We show that sortase enzymes can be partitioned into five distinct subfamilies based upon their primary sequences and that most of their substrates can be predicted by making a few conservative assumptions. Most bacteria encode sortases from two or more subfamilies, which are predicted to function nonredundantly in sorting proteins to the cell surface. Only ∼20% of sortase-related proteins are most closely related to the well-characterized Staphylococcus aureus SrtA protein, but nonetheless, these proteins are responsible for anchoring the majority of surface proteins in gram-positive bacteria. In contrast, most sortase-like proteins are predicted to play a more specialized role, with each anchoring far fewer proteins that contain unusual sequence motifs. The functional sortase-substrate linkage predictions are available online (http://www.doe-mbi.ucla.edu/Services/Sortase/ ) in a searchable database.

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