Disease patterns and immune responses in the offspring to sows with high or low antibody levels to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sjölund ◽  
M. Zoric ◽  
M. Persson ◽  
G. Karlsson ◽  
P. Wallgren
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae ◽  
Disease Patterns ◽  
Antibody Levels

Nonhypoalbuminemic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs as Disease Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Hernandez ◽  
Elodie Rouillé ◽  
Florian Chocteau ◽  
Marie Allard ◽  
Karine Haurogné ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Antibody Levels

Abstract Background The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing worldwide, emphasizing the need of relevant models, as dogs spontaneously affected by IBD may be, for better knowledge of the disease’s physiopathology. Methods We studied 22 client-owned dogs suffering from IBD without protein loss and 14 control dogs. Biopsies were obtained from the duodenum, ileum, and colon. Inflammatory grade was assessed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and chemokine analysis. The expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in mucosa was immunohistochemically evaluated. Antibody levels against bacterial ligands (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and flagellin) were measured in sera using enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results Dogs with IBD showed low to severe clinical disease. Histopathologically, the gut of dogs with IBD did not exhibit significant alterations compared with controls except in the colon. The number of CD3+ T lymphocytes was decreased in the ileum and colon of dogs with IBD compared with controls, whereas the numbers of Foxp3+, CD20+, and CD204+ cells were similar in the 2 groups. Three chemokines, but no cytokines, were detected at the protein level in the mucosa, and the disease poorly affected their tissue concentrations. Dogs with IBD exhibited higher serum reactivity against LPS and flagellin than controls but similar immunoreactivity against the receptors TLR4 and TLR5. In addition, TLR2 and TLR9 showed similar expression patterns in both groups of dogs. Conclusions Our data described dysregulated immune responses in dogs affected by IBD without protein loss. Despite fairly homogeneous dog cohorts, we were still faced with interindividual variability, and new studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate the dog as a model.

scholarly journals Acellular Pertussis Vaccines and Pertussis Resurgence: Revise or Replace?

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Maria Ausiello ◽  
Antonio Cassone
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antigenic Composition ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACTThe resurgence of pertussis (whooping cough) in countries with high vaccination coverage is alarming and invites reconsideration of the use of current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines, which have largely replaced the old, reactogenic, whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine. Some drawbacks of these vaccines in terms of limited antigenic composition and early waning of antibody levels could be anticipated by the results of in-trial or postlicensure human investigations of B- and T-cell responses in aP versus wP vaccine recipients or unvaccinated, infected children. Recent data in experimental models, including primates, suggest that generation of vaccines capable of a potent, though regulated, stimulation of innate immunity driving effective, persistent adaptive immune responses againstBordetella pertussisinfection should be privileged. Adjuvants that skew Th1/Th17 responses or new wP (detoxified or attenuated) vaccines should be explored. Nonetheless, the high merits of the current aP vaccines in persuading people to resume vaccination against pertussis should not be forgotten.

scholarly journals Sexual Dimorphism Has Low Impact on the Response against Rotavirus Infection in Suckling Rats

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Carla Morales-Ferré ◽  
Ignasi Azagra-Boronat ◽  
Malén Massot-Cladera ◽  
Àngels Franch ◽  
Margarida Castell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Suckling Rats ◽  
Antibody Levels

Rotaviruses (RVs) are the leading pathogens causing severe and acute diarrhea in children and animals. It is well known that sex contributes to shaping immune responses, thus it could also influence the incidence and severity of the RV infection. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of sexual dimorphism on RV infection and its antibody (Ab) immune response in a suckling rat model. Neonatal suckling rats were intragastrically RV-inoculated and clinical indexes derived from fecal samples, as well as immune variables were evaluated. Higher severity of diarrhea, fecal weight and viral elimination were observed in males compared to females (p < 0.05). Regarding the adaptative immunity, the RV shaped the immune response to lower IgG1 levels and an increased Th1/Th2-associated Ab response (p < 0.05). Although females had lower IgG2a levels than males (p < 0.05), the specific anti-RV antibody levels were not sex influenced. In fact, at this age the passive transfer of anti-RV antibodies through breast milk was the critical factor for clustering animals, independently of their sex. It can be concluded that male and female diarrhea severity in RV infection is slightly influenced by sexual dimorphism and is not associated with the specific immune response against the virus.

Differences in pig respiratory tract and peripheral blood immune responses to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

2020 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 108755
Author(s):  
Chuntong Bao ◽  
Hexiang Jiang ◽  
Rining Zhu ◽  
Baijun Liu ◽  
Jiameng Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae

scholarly journals Preexisting Immunity, More Than Aging, Influences Influenza Vaccine Responses

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian J. Reber ◽  
Jin Hyang Kim ◽  
Renata Biber ◽  
H. Keipp Talbot ◽  
Laura A. Coleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Memory B Cells ◽  
Vaccine Response ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Antibody Levels

Abstract Background.  Influenza disproportionately impacts older adults while current vaccines have reduced effectiveness in the older population. Methods.  We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of cellular and humoral immune responses of adults aged 50 years and older to the 2008–2009 seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and assessed factors influencing vaccine response. Results.  Vaccination increased hemagglutination inhibition and neutralizing antibody; however, 66.3% of subjects did not reach hemagglutination inhibition titers ≥ 40 for H1N1, compared with 22.5% for H3N2. Increasing age had a minor negative impact on antibody responses, whereas prevaccination titers were the best predictors of postvaccination antibody levels. Preexisting memory B cells declined with age, especially for H3N2. However, older adults still demonstrated a significant increase in antigen-specific IgG+ and IgA+ memory B cells postvaccination. Despite reduced frequency of preexisting memory B cells associated with advanced age, fold-rise in memory B cell frequency in subjects 60+ was comparable to subjects age 50–59. Conclusions.  Older adults mounted statistically significant humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, but many failed to reach hemagglutination inhibition titers ≥40, especially for H1N1. Although age had a modest negative effect on vaccine responses, prevaccination titers were the best predictor of postvaccination antibody levels, irrespective of age.

scholarly journals Mathematical Modeling of Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 2427
Author(s):  
Rabih Ghostine ◽  
Mohamad Gharamti ◽  
Sally Hassrouny ◽  
Ibrahim Hoteit
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Ensemble Kalman Filter ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Assimilation System

In this paper, a mathematical model was developed to simulate SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in infected patients. The model considers both the innate and adaptive immune responses and consists of healthy cells, infected cells, viral load, cytokines, natural killer cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, and antibody levels. First, a mathematical analysis was performed to discuss the model’s equilibrium points and compute the basic reproduction number. The accuracy of such mathematical models may be affected by many sources of uncertainties due to the incomplete representation of the biological process and poorly known parameters. This may strongly limit their performance and prediction skills. A state-of-the-art data assimilation technique, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), was then used to enhance the model’s behavior by incorporating available data to determine the best possible estimate of the model’s state and parameters. The proposed assimilation system was applied on the real viral load datasets of six COVID-19 patients. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed assimilation system in improving the model predictions by up to 40%.

scholarly journals Long-Term Course of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Outpatients After SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Schiffner ◽  
Insa Backhaus ◽  
Jens Rimmele ◽  
Sören Schulz ◽  
Till Möhlenkamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Moderate Disease ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Antibody Levels

Characterization of the naturally acquired B and T cell immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is important for the development of public health and vaccination strategies to manage the burden of COVID-19 disease. We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional analysis in COVID-19 recovered patients at various time points over a 10-month period in order to investigate how circulating antibody levels and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release by peripheral blood cells change over time following natural infection. From March 2020 till January 2021, we enrolled 412 adults mostly with mild or moderate disease course. At each study visit, subjects donated peripheral blood for testing of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and IFN-γ release after SARS-CoV-2 S-protein stimulation. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were positive in 316 of 412 (76.7%) and borderline in 31 of 412 (7.5%) patients. Our confirmation assay for the presence of neutralizing antibodies was positive in 215 of 412 (52.2%) and borderline in 88 of 412 (21.4%) patients. Likewise, in 274 of 412 (66.5%) positive IFN-γ release and IgG antibodies were detected. With respect to time after infection, both IgG antibody levels and IFN-γ concentrations decreased by about half within 300 days. Statistically, production of IgG and IFN-γ were closely associated, but on an individual basis, we observed patients with high-antibody titres but low IFN-γ levels and vice versa. Our data suggest that immunological reaction is acquired in most individuals after natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 and is sustained in the majority of patients for at least 10 months after infection after a mild or moderate disease course. Since, so far, no robust marker for protection against COVID-19 exists, we recommend utilizing both, IgG and IFN-γ release for an individual assessment of the immunity status.

scholarly journals The genetic architecture of helminth-specific immune responses in a wild population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Sparks ◽  
K. Watt ◽  
R. Sinclair ◽  
J. G. Pilkington ◽  
J. M. Pemberton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Soay Sheep ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Immune Traits ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractHost-parasite interactions are powerful drivers of evolutionary and ecological dynamics in natural populations. Variation in immune responses to infection is likely to shape the outcome of these interactions, with important consequences for the fitness of both host and parasite. However, little is known about how genetic variation contributes to variation in immune responses under natural conditions. Here, we examine the genetic architecture of variation in immune traits in the Soay sheep of St Kilda, an unmanaged population of sheep infected with strongyle gastrointestinal nematodes. We assayed IgA, IgE and IgG antibodies against the prevalent nematodeTeladorsagia circumcinctain the blood plasma of > 3,000 sheep collected over 26 years. Antibody levels were significantly heritable, ranging from 0.21 to 0.39 in lambs and from 0.23 to 0.57 in adults. IgA levels were strongly associated with a region on chromosome 24 explaining 21.1% and 24.5% of heritable variation in lambs and adults, respectively; this region was adjacent to two candidate loci, the Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex Transactivator (CIITA) and C-Type Lectin Domain Containing 16A (CLEC16A). Lamb IgA levels were also associated with the immunoglobulin heavy constant loci (IGH) complex on chromosome 18. Adult IgE levels and lamb IgG levels were associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 20. This study provides evidence of high heritability of a complex immunological trait under natural conditions and provides the first evidence from a genome-wide study that large effect genes located outside the MHC region exist for immune traits in the wild.Author summaryHost-parasite interactions are powerful drivers of evolutionary and ecological dynamics in natural populations. Variation in immune responses to infection shapes the outcome of these interactions, with important consequences for the ability of the host and parasite to survive and reproduce. However, little is known about how much genes contribute to variation in immune responses under natural conditions. Our study investigates the genetic architecture of variation in three antibody types, IgA, IgE and IgG in a wild population of Soay sheep on the St Kilda archipelago in North-West Scotland. Using data collected over 26 years, we show that antibody levels have a heritable basis in lambs and adults and are stable over lifetime of individuals. We also identify several genomic regions with large effects on immune responses. Our study offers the first insights into the genetic control of immunity in a wild population, which is essential to understand how immune profiles vary in challenging natural conditions and how natural selection maintains genetic variation in complex immune traits.

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