scholarly journals Unearned Endowment and Charity Recipient Lead to Higher Donations: A Meta-Analysis of the Dictator Game Lab Experiments

2022 ◽  
pp. 101827
Author(s):  
Hamza Umer ◽  
Takashi Kurosaki ◽  
Ichiro Iwasaki
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Lab Experiments

Impacts of nano-clay addition to soils: a meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Maddox ◽  
Stephen Bell ◽  
Carles Barriocanal
Keyword(s):  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Lab Experiments ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nano Clay ◽  
Positive Effect

<p>Nano-sized clay particles exhibit unique physicochemical properties within soil matrices relevant to several areas of applied environmental sciences. The amendment of soils with nano-clays in field, lab, and greenhouse settings has been increasingly studied over recent decades from various disciplinary perspectives. In general, nano-clay as a soil amendment is seen as a potentially effective and economically feasible method for managing soil resources. However, no comprehensive review and quantification of the impacts of nano-clay amendment on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties has been undertaken, which limits its uptake and application. Here, we provide a review of the impacts of nano-clay addition in soil, using a meta-analytical approach considering soil health parameters (e.g., organic carbon, water retention, cation exchange, pH, pollutant concentration). Preliminary results synthesizing field and lab experiments indicate a wide range of positive effect sizes across key soil properties, with only limited benefits occurring in specific cases. Our results highlight the significant potential of nano-clay as a soil amendment in diverse applications, especially when coupled with the economic and logistical suitability of nano-clay amendment globally.</p>

scholarly journals Acute hunger does not always undermine prosociality

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan A. Häusser ◽  
Christina Stahlecker ◽  
Andreas Mojzisch ◽  
Johannes Leder ◽  
Paul A. M. Van Lange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Lay Theories ◽  
Total N ◽  
Public Goods Games ◽  
Decrease Blood Glucose ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Stark Contrast

Abstract It has been argued that, when they are acutely hungry, people act in self-protective ways by keeping resources to themselves rather than sharing them. In four studies, using experimental, quasi-experimental, and correlational designs (total N = 795), we examine the effects of acute hunger on prosociality in a wide variety of non-interdependent tasks (e.g. dictator game) and interdependent tasks (e.g. public goods games). While our procedures successfully increase subjective hunger and decrease blood glucose, we do not find significant effects of hunger on prosociality. This is true for both decisions incentivized with money and with food. Meta-analysis across all tasks reveals a very small effect of hunger on prosociality in non-interdependent tasks (d = 0.108), and a non-significant effect in interdependent tasks (d = −0.076). In study five (N = 197), we show that, in stark contrast to our empirical findings, people hold strong lay theories that hunger undermines prosociality.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of Seven Standard Experimental Paradigms Comparing Student to Non-student

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2(J)) ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
Jorge N. Zumaeta
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Experimental Economic ◽  
Aggregate Effects ◽  
Science Association

This study embarked on the very challenging proposition of systematically organizing and classifying an assortment of experimental economics essays pertinent to seven experiments performed with both non-student and student populations. The experiments were the Dictator game, Stag Hunt – Coordination game, Risk Aversion Measurement (as measured by the players type of lottery choice), Trust game, Guessing game, Prudence Measurement, and the Guessing game. This meta-analysis reviewed 126 published and unpublished papers collected from several journals and papers provided by several authors via the Google Groups "Economic Science Association - Experimental Methods Discussion" group. Ultimately, only 39 studies were utilized due to methodological alignment. While some studies showed statistically significant differences between non-students and students as indicated by their respective 95% confidence intervals, the overall random-effects model of each of the seven games showed not to be statistically significant. This study contributes to the literature in three important ways. First, the study generates a comprehensive inventory and review of experiments comparing student to non-student populations for the last four decades;  second, the study points out a possible limitation when combining several studies of the same game, despite following similar protocols, suggesting that compounded contextual complexities might diminish aggregate effects of the individuals’ behavioral responses to the financial incentives, and third, the study indicates that generalizations from one experimental economic study, may not render a solid base for extending statistical extrapolations applicable to the total population since the aggregate effects do not indicate substantial differences.

Perceiving a Lack of Social Justice: Lower Class Individuals Apply Higher Moral Standards to Others

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855061989855
Author(s):  
Xue Wang ◽  
Zhansheng Chen ◽  
Kai-Tak Poon ◽  
Tonglin Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Perceived Injustice ◽  
Moral Standards ◽  
Moral Requirements

Four studies ( N = 1,151) examined whether people with lower subjective social classes would be more likely to apply higher moral standards to others than to themselves. With participants from mainland China, Hong Kong, and the United States, we found that people of lower measured or manipulated subjective social classes accepted others’ hypothetical transgressions less than their own transgressions (Studies 1 and 4), and they claimed others should allocate more money to their partners in a dictator game than they themselves did (Studies 2 and 3). This effect was mediated by perceived injustice (Study 3) and eliminated when the perceived social justice was boosted (Study 4). Higher class individuals did not show such discrepant self–other moral standards. A mini meta-analysis validates the reliability of the findings that only lower class individuals demonstrate double moral standards. Therefore, lower class individuals may increase moral requirements on others as a reaction to their perceived unjust disadvantages.

scholarly journals Implicit and explicit influences of religious cognition on Dictator Game transfers

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 170238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Billingsley ◽  
Cristina M. Gomes ◽  
Michael E. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Reliable Effect ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Does religion promote prosocial behaviour? Despite numerous publications that seem to answer this question affirmatively, divergent results from recent meta-analyses and pre-registered replication efforts suggest that the issue is not yet settled. Uncertainty lingers around (i) whether the effects of religious cognition on prosocial behaviour were obtained through implicit cognitive processes, explicit cognitive processes or both and (ii) whether religious cognition increases generosity only among people disinclined to share with anonymous strangers. Here, we report two experiments designed to address these concerns. In Experiment 1, we sought to replicate Shariff and Norenzayan's demonstration of the effects of implicit religious priming on Dictator Game transfers to anonymous strangers; unlike Shariff and Norenzayan, however, we used an online environment where anonymity was virtually assured. In Experiment 2, we introduced a ‘taking’ option to allow greater expression of baseline selfishness. In both experiments, we sought to activate religious cognition implicitly and explicitly, and we investigated the possibility that religious priming depends on the extent to which subjects view God as a punishing, authoritarian figure. Results indicated that in both experiments, religious subjects transferred more money on average than did non-religious subjects. Bayesian analyses supported the null hypothesis that implicit religious priming did not increase Dictator Game transfers in either experiment, even among religious subjects. Collectively, the two experiments furnished support for a small but reliable effect of explicit priming, though among religious subjects only. Neither experiment supported the hypothesis that the effect of religious priming depends on viewing God as a punishing figure. Finally, in a meta-analysis of relevant studies, we found that the overall effect of implicit religious priming on Dictator Game transfers was small and did not statistically differ from zero.

scholarly journals Implicit and Explicit Influences of Religious Cognition on Dictator Game Transfers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. McCullough ◽  
Joseph Billingsley ◽  
Cristina Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Reliable Effect ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Does religious cognition motivate generosity toward strangers? Divergent results from recent meta-analyses and pre-registered replication efforts suggest the issue is not yet settled. Additional uncertainty lingers around whether (a) the effects of religious cognition on prosocial behaviour obtain through implicit cognitive processes, explicit cognitive processes, or both; (b) whether religious cognition might increase generosity only among religious people; and (c) whether religious cognition might increase generosity only among people otherwise disinclined to share with anonymous strangers. Here we report the results of two experiments designed to address these concerns. In Experiment 1 we sought to replicate the classic demonstration of the effect of implicit religious priming on Dictator Game transfers, but in an online environment that maximises anonymity. In Experiment 2, we gave subjects the option to take as well as to give money, allowing greater expression of baseline selfishness. In both experiments, we sought to activate religious cognition implicitly and explicitly, and we investigated the possibility that religious priming depends upon the extent to which subjects view God as a punishing, authoritarian figure. Bayesian statistical methods supported the null hypothesis that implicit religious priming did not increase Dictator Game transfers in either experiment, even among religious subjects. Collectively, the two experiments provided support for a small but reliable effect of explicit priming, though among religious subjects only. Neither experiment offered strong evidence to support the hypothesis that the effect of religious priming depends upon viewing God as a punishing figure. Finally, in a random-effects meta-analysis of relevant studies, we found that the overall effect of implicit religious priming on Dictator Game transfers was small and not statistically different from zero.

scholarly journals Eye images do not promote prosocial behaviour or norm compliance in an online Dictator Game

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichola Raihani ◽  
Redouan Bshary
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Descriptive Norm ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Norm Compliance

Evidence for the effect of eye images on prosocial behavior is mixed: some studies have found that images of eyes enhance cooperative behavior while others have not replicated this effect. In a recent meta-analysis, Nettle et al. (2013) argued that previous null results have occurred because data have been analysed incorrectly. Specifically, the authors predicted that eye images either (i) reduce variance in donation amount by reducing the likelihood that the Dictator will keep the entire endowment or (ii) increase compliance with cooperative norms. Since several previous studies have only looked at the effect of eye images on mean donation amount, they have not tested these predictions. We test both hypotheses here using a Dictator Game (n = 779) conducted over Amazon Mechanical Turk, a setup that has previously yielded negative results. We provided players with two types of descriptive norm information, by telling them how much others typically give in this setting. We compared donations under the norm treatments with decisions made under control conditions, where no norm information was supplied. In each setting, subjects were additionally shown images of eyes or a control image (flowers) so that any additional effect of eye images on prosocial behavior could be examined. Eye images did not increase Dictator Game giving, regardless of whether 'giving' was defined as mean donation or simply the tendency to make a non-zero donation. Furthermore, eye images did not increase compliance with a descriptive norm in this setting. Due to these negative results, we conclude that the conditions and underlying mechanisms that lead to positive effects of eyes on prosocial behaviour remain elusive.

scholarly journals Are women more generous than men? A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bilén ◽  
Anna Dreber ◽  
Magnus Johannesson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Unique Individual

AbstractWe perform a meta analysis of gender differences in the standard windfall gains dictator game (DG) by collecting raw data from 53 studies with 117 conditions, giving us 15,016 unique individual observations. We find that women on average give 4 percentage points more than men (Cohen’s $$d=0.16$$ d = 0.16 ), and that this difference decreases to $$3.1\%$$ 3.1 % points (Cohen’s $$d=0.13$$ d = 0.13 ) if we exclude studies where dictators can only give all or nothing. The gender difference is larger if the recipient in the DG is a charity, compared to the standard DG with an anonymous individual as the recipient (a 10.9 versus a $$2.3\%$$ 2.3 % points gender difference). These effect sizes imply that many individual studies on gender differences are underpowered; the median power in our sample of standard DG studies is only $$9\%$$ 9 % to detect the meta-analytic gender difference at the $$5\%$$ 5 % significance level. Moving forward on this topic, sample sizes should thus be substantially larger than what has been the norm in the past.

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