scholarly journals Vesicle-like virion of Haloarcula hispanica pleomorphic virus 3 preserves high infectivity in saturated salt

Virology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 499 ◽  
pp. 40-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Demina ◽  
Nina S. Atanasova ◽  
Maija K. Pietilä ◽  
Hanna M. Oksanen ◽  
Dennis H. Bamford
Keyword(s):  
Haloarcula Hispanica ◽  
High Infectivity

Is the Rigidity of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Motif the Hallmark for Its Enhanced Infectivity and Pathogenesis?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Spinello ◽  
Andrea Saltalamacchia ◽  
Alessandra Magistrato
Keyword(s):  
Health Economic ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Binding Motif ◽  
Spike Glycoprotein ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Medical Countermeasures ◽  
High Infectivity ◽  
Human Receptor

<p>The latest outbreak of a new pathogenic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is provoking a global health, economic and societal crisis. All-atom simulations enabled us to uncover the key molecular traits underlying the high affinity of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein towards its human receptor, providing a rationale to its high infectivity. Harnessing this knowledge can boost developing effective medical countermeasures to fight the current global pandemic.</p>

Alternative medicine as a treatment options for COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 07 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfuza Marzan ◽  
Md. Shahedur Rahman ◽  
Md. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal ◽  
Mohammad Hossain Shariare ◽  
Md. Anowar Khasru Parvez
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
High Infectivity

: COVID-19, a viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is the reason of a global pandemic since the starting of the year 2020. The characteristic of the disease varies from mild common cold like symptoms to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multi-organ failure leading to death. World has already observed 213,453 deaths from this disease while 3,095,839 have been infected in 210 countries in total till 28 April, 2020. This disease has a devastating impact over the health care system because of its high infectivity, easy mode of transmission, lack of proper medicine and vaccine and deficiency of enough supportive healthcare arrangement. On verge of this situation scientists are searching the treatment options. However, nature has provided us with enormous herbs which have disease preventive as well as have medicinal properties. In this article we have reviewed several of these plants (ginger, clove, tea, black seed, tulsi, neem) and some vitamins (vitamin C and vitamin D) and zinc which have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-asthmatic properties with scientific evidence. The intake of these products regularly to keep the immune system active, to experience its positive aspects might be supportive to prevent infection with the new coronavirus or to treat COVID-19.

Heterogeneity in epidemic models and its effect on the spread of infection

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Håkan Andersson ◽  
Tom Britton
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
Epidemic Models ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Epidemic Size ◽  
Infection Pressure ◽  
Group A ◽  
Final Epidemic Size ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Very High ◽  
High Infectivity

We first study an epidemic amongst a population consisting of individuals with the same infectivity but with varying susceptibilities to the disease. The asymptotic final epidemic size is compared with the corresponding size for a homogeneous population. Then we group a heterogeneous population into households, assuming very high infectivity within households, and investigate how the global infection pressure is affected by rearranging individuals between the households. In both situations considered, it turns out that whether or not homogenizing the individuals or households will result in an increased spread of infection actually depends on the infectiousness of the disease.

scholarly journals Possible treatments of COVID-19 present and future

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1292
Author(s):  
Saif Ul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
Infectivity Rate ◽  
Genetic Shift ◽  
High Infectivity

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 infection in December 2019, millions of people are infected, and thousands of people have died. Genetic shift and high infectivity rate made SARS-Cov-2 a pandemic. Doctors, researchers, and world leaders are scratching their heads, how to contained or treat the virus. Several treatment options are tried, but so far, there is no effective treatment available. Thousands of articles are published about COVID-19, and so much information is available that it is challenging for a practicing physician to review these articles in the limited time they have. This article summarized the treatment options for COVID-19 that have tried or are in clinical trials. The article also reviews other possibilities that are either briefly or not discussed in the literature but could play a role in the fight against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Multiple replication origins with diverse control mechanisms in Haloarcula hispanica

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 2282-2294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenfang Wu ◽  
Jingfang Liu ◽  
Haibo Yang ◽  
Hailong Liu ◽  
Hua Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Replication Initiation ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Replication Origins ◽  
Dna Mutation ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Marker Frequency ◽  
Haloarcula Hispanica ◽  
Specific Control ◽  
Main Chromosome ◽  
Multiple Replication

Abstract The use of multiple replication origins in archaea is not well understood. In particular, little is known about their specific control mechanisms. Here, we investigated the active replication origins in the three replicons of a halophilic archaeon, Haloarcula hispanica, by extensive gene deletion, DNA mutation and genome-wide marker frequency analyses. We revealed that individual origins are specifically dependent on their co-located cdc6 genes, and a single active origin/cdc6 pairing is essential and sufficient for each replicon. Notably, we demonstrated that the activities of oriC1 and oriC2, the two origins on the main chromosome, are differently controlled. A G-rich inverted repeat located in the internal region between the two inverted origin recognition boxes (ORBs) plays as an enhancer for oriC1, whereas the replication initiation at oriC2 is negatively regulated by an ORB-rich region located downstream of oriC2-cdc6E, likely via Cdc6E-titrating. The oriC2 placed on a plasmid is incompatible with the wild-type (but not the ΔoriC2) host strain, further indicating that strict control of the oriC2 activity is important for the cell. This is the first report revealing diverse control mechanisms of origins in haloarchaea, which has provided novel insights into the use and coordination of multiple replication origins in the domain of Archaea.

Coronavirus and Its Impact on Dental Fraternity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad D ◽  
Anupama Prasad D ◽  
Mayank Kumar Parakh
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Emergency Procedures ◽  
Current Vaccine ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Respiratory Hygiene ◽  
High Infectivity

AbstractThe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic the world is currently facing head on. It is a viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). No current vaccine is available nor a curative treatment option is available at present, thus making it even more important to prevent the disease. Since dentists are in very close contact with their patients and there is aerosol production in various dental treatments, they are at a heightened risk of contracting the disease. To prevent the disease, strict hand and respiratory hygiene needs to be followed. Personal protective equipment should be used for any emergency procedures and thorough history must be taken of every patient. Digitalization of seminars and classes has been adopted by various dental institutions. With high infectivity of the virus, social distancing and stringent prevention protocols can help in controlling this severe global threat.

scholarly journals A Global Neutralization Resistance Phenotype of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Is Determined by Distinct Mechanisms Mediating Enhanced Infectivity and Conformational Change of the Envelope Complex

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 4183-4191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Ju Park ◽  
Miroslav K. Gorny ◽  
Susan Zolla-Pazner ◽  
Gerald V. Quinnan
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Conformational Change ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
High Infectivity

ABSTRACT We have described previously genetic characterization of neutralization-resistant, high-infectivity, and neutralization-sensitive, low-infectivity mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) MN envelope. The distinct phenotypes of these clones are attributable to six mutations affecting functional interactions between the gp120 C4-V5 regions and the gp41 leucine zipper. In the present study we examined mechanisms responsible for the phenotypic differences between these envelopes using neutralization and immunofluorescence assays (IFA). Most monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) tested against gp120 epitopes (V3, CD4 binding site, and CD4-induced) were 20 to 100 times more efficient at neutralizing pseudovirus expressing sensitive rather than resistant envelope. By IFA cells expressing neutralization sensitive envelope bound MAbs to gp120 epitopes more, but gp41 epitopes less, than neutralization-resistant envelope. This binding difference appeared to reflect conformational change, since it did not correlate with the level of protein expression or gp120-gp41 dissociation. This conformational change was mostly attributable to one mutation, L544P, which contributes to neutralization resistance but not to infectivity enhancement. The V420I mutation, which contributes a major effect to both high infectivity and neutralization resistance, had no apparent effect on conformation. Notably, a conformation-dependent V3 neutralization epitope remained sensitive to neutralization and accessible to binding by MAbs on neutralization-resistant HIV-1 envelope. Sensitivity to sCD4 did not distinguish the clones, suggesting that the phenotypes may be related to post-CD4-binding effects. The results demonstrate that neutralization resistance can be determined by distinguishable effects of mutations, which cause changes in envelope conformation and/or function(s) related to infectivity. A conformation-dependent V3 epitope may be an important target for neutralization of resistant strains of HIV-1.

Heterogeneity in epidemic models and its effect on the spread of infection

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 651-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Håkan Andersson ◽  
Tom Britton
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
Epidemic Models ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Epidemic Size ◽  
Infection Pressure ◽  
Group A ◽  
Final Epidemic Size ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Very High ◽  
High Infectivity

We first study an epidemic amongst a population consisting of individuals with the same infectivity but with varying susceptibilities to the disease. The asymptotic final epidemic size is compared with the corresponding size for a homogeneous population. Then we group a heterogeneous population into households, assuming very high infectivity within households, and investigate how the global infection pressure is affected by rearranging individuals between the households. In both situations considered, it turns out that whether or not homogenizing the individuals or households will result in an increased spread of infection actually depends on the infectiousness of the disease.

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