Role of humic substances in the degradation pathways and residual antibacterial activity during the photodecomposition of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in water

Bioenhancers are drug facilitator which do not show the typical drug activity but in combination to enhance the activity of other molecule in several way including increase the bioavailability of drug across the membrane, potentiating the drug molecules by conformational interaction, acting as receptor for drug molecules and making target cell more receptive to drugs and promote and increase the bioactivity or bioavailability or the uptake of drugs in combination therapy. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial and activity of combination in Azadirachta indica extract with cow urine distillate and pepper extract against common pathogenic bacteria, a causative agent of watery diarrhea. It has been found that Indian indigenous cow urine and its distillate also possess bioenhancing ability. Bioenhancing role of cow urine distillate (CUD) and pepper extract was investigated on antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica. Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract neem alone and in combination with CUD and pepper extract were determined the ATCC strains against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E-coli by cup plate diffusion method. Ethanol extract of neem has showed more effect on P. aeruginosa, E-coli than S. aureus and K. pneumonia with combination of CUD and pepper extract. CUD and pepper did not show any inhibition of test bacteria in low concentration. The antibacterial effect of combination of extract and CUD was higher than the inhibition caused by extract alone and is suggestive of the bioenhancing role of cow urine distillate and pepper. Moreover, inhibition of test bacteria was observed with less concentration of extract on combining with CUD

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Investigation on the antibacterial activity of electronic cigarette liquids (ECLs): a proof of concept study

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ◽

10.2174/1389201021666200903121624 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Virginia Fuochi ◽

Massimo Caruso ◽

Rosalia Emma ◽

Aldo Stivala ◽

Riccardo Polosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

A549 Cells ◽

Bactericidal Effect ◽

Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Viability Assay ◽

Dependent Inhibition ◽

Dose Dependent Inhibition ◽

Dose Dependent

Background: The key ingredients of e-cigarettes liquid are commonly propane-1,2-diol (also called propylene glycol) and propane-1,2,3-triol (vegetal glycerol) and their antimicrobial effects are already established. The nicotine and flavors which are often present in e-liquids can interfere with the growth of some microorganisms. Objective: The effect of the combining these elements in e-liquids is unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible effects of these liquids on bacterial growth in the presence or absence of nicotine and flavors. Methods: Susceptibilities of pathogenic strains (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Sarcina lutea) were studied by means of a multidisciplinary approach. Cell viability and antioxidant assays were also evaluated. Results: All e-liquids investigated showed antibacterial activity against at least one pathogenic strain. A higher activity was correlated to the presence of flavors and nicotine. Discussion: In most cases the value of minimal bactericidal concentration is equal to the value of minimal inhibitory concentration showing that these substances have a bactericidal effect. This effect was observed in concentrations up to 6.25% v/v. Antioxidant activity was also correlated to presence of flavors. Over time, the viability assay in human epithelial lung A549 cells showed a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth. Conclusion: Our results have shown that flavors considerably enhance the antibacterial activity of propane-1,2-diol and propane-1,2,3-triol. This study provides important evidence that should be taken into consideration in further investigative approaches, to clarify the different sensitivity of the various bacterial species to e-liquids, including the respiratory microbiota, to highlight the possible role of flavors and nicotine.

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Role of lipids in augmenting the antibacterial activity of benzoyl peroxide against Propionibacterium acnes.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.33.3.326 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 326-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

L C Decker ◽

D M Deuel ◽

D M Sedlock

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Benzoyl Peroxide ◽

Propionibacterium Acnes

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Determination of Diffusion Coefficients of Humic Substances by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: Role of Solution Conditions

Environmental Science & Technology ◽

10.1021/es9907616 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 34 (7) ◽

pp. 1365-1369 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

Jamie R. Lead ◽

Kevin J. Wilkinson ◽

Konstantin Starchev ◽

Silvio Canonica ◽

Jacques Buffle

Keyword(s):

Humic Substances ◽

Diffusion Coefficients ◽

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy ◽

Correlation Spectroscopy ◽

Fluorescence Correlation

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Histochemical localization and possible antibacterial role of xanthine oxidase in the bovine mammary gland

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900025814 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 25-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Robert A. Collins ◽

Keith R. Parsons ◽

Terry R. Field ◽

A. John Bramley

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Mammary Gland ◽

Xanthine Oxidase ◽

Histochemical Localization ◽

Bovine Mammary Gland ◽

Streptococcus Uberis ◽

Antibacterial Assay ◽

Secretory Tissue ◽

Teat Canal

SummaryXanthine oxidase (XO) was demonstrated to be present in the teat canal and secretory tissue of the bovine mammary gland by histochemical techniques. Homogenates of these tissues were able to replace XO in an antibacterial assay with Streptococcus uberis. The action of XO on its substrate hypoxanthine was shown to provide an essential component for anti-streptococcal activity mediated by lactoperoxidase. A mechanism is proposed whereby the interaction of XO, lactoperoxidase and thiocyanate may provide antibacterial activity in the teat canal.

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Nitrate reductases and hemoglobins control nitrogen-fixing symbiosis by regulating nitric oxide accumulation

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/eraa403 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Antoine Berger ◽

Alexandre Boscari ◽

Alain Puppo ◽

Renaud Brouquisse

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Nodule Formation ◽

No Production ◽

Degradation Pathways ◽

Atmospheric Nitrogen ◽

Metabolic Intermediate ◽

Hypoxic Environment ◽

Nitrate Reductases

Abstract The interaction between legumes and rhizobia leads to the establishment of a symbiotic relationship between plant and bacteria. This is characterized by the formation of a new organ, the nodule, which facilitates the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) by nitrogenase through the creation of a hypoxic environment. Nitric oxide (NO) accumulates at each stage of the symbiotic process. NO is involved in defense responses, nodule organogenesis and development, nitrogen fixation metabolism, and senescence induction. During symbiosis, either successively or simultaneously, NO regulates gene expression, modulates enzyme activities, and acts as a metabolic intermediate in energy regeneration processes via phytoglobin-NO respiration and the bacterial denitrification pathway. Due to the transition from normoxia to hypoxia during nodule formation, and the progressive presence of the bacterial partner in the growing nodules, NO production and degradation pathways change during the symbiotic process. This review analyzes the different source and degradation pathways of NO, and highlights the role of nitrate reductases and hemoproteins of both the plant and bacterial partners in the control of NO accumulation.

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The Central Role of Multiple P450 Genes and Their Co-factor CPR in the Development of Permethrin Resistance in the Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.802584 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Youhui Gong ◽

Ting Li ◽

Qi Li ◽

Shikai Liu ◽

Nannan Liu

Keyword(s):

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Resistance Mechanism ◽

Gene Overexpression ◽

Degradation Pathways ◽

Cytochrome P450 Reductase ◽

Major Threat ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Toxic Product ◽

Resistant Strains

Mosquitoes’ increasing resistance to insecticides is becoming a major threat for control efforts worldwide. Multiple P450 genes that are up-regulated in permethrin resistant strains of Culex quinquefasciatus have been linked to the development of resistance. In the current study, we characterized the function of six P450 genes, CYP6P14, CYP6BZ2, CYP9J33, CYP9J34, CYP9J40, and CYP9J45, that are overexpressed in the permethrin resistant Culex mosquitoes and showed their capability in metabolism of permethrin. These six P450 genes can convert 3-phenoxybenzoic alcohol (PBCHO) to a less toxic product, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (PBCOOH), indicating that these P450s play an important role in permethrin degradation pathways. Although we know multiple P450 genes are over-expressed in permethrin resistant Culex mosquitoes, it remains to be seen whether cytochrome P450-reductase (CPR) gene that are co-overexpressed with P450 genes in permethrin resistant mosquitoes do indeed serve as a resistance mechanism. An in-depth investigation of the expression of CPR gene in resistant mosquitoes was conducted in permethrin resistant mosquitoes. The finding of CPR gene overexpression in permethrin resistant mosquitoes suggested the importance of co-overexpression of multiple P450 genes with their obligatory electron donor CPR in the complex detoxification system, boosting the metabolism of permethrin and hence the development of permethrin resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus.

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Melatonin and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Plant Cells

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10091917 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1917

Author(s):

Marino B. Arnao ◽

Josefa Hernández-Ruiz ◽

Antonio Cano ◽

Russel J. Reiter

Keyword(s):

Crop Improvement ◽

Plant Cells ◽

Primary Metabolism ◽

Degradation Pathways ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽

Relevant Role ◽

Tolerance Response ◽

Simple Carbohydrates ◽

Living Organisms

Melatonin, a multifunctional molecule that is present in all living organisms studied, is synthesized in plant cells in several intercellular organelles including in the chloroplasts and in mitochondria. In plants, melatonin has a relevant role as a modulatory agent which improves their tolerance response to biotic and abiotic stress. The role of melatonin in stress conditions on the primary metabolism of plant carbohydrates is reviewed in the present work. Thus, the modulatory actions of melatonin on the various biosynthetic and degradation pathways involving simple carbohydrates (mono- and disaccharides), polymers (starch), and derivatives (polyalcohols) in plants are evaluated. The possible applications of the use of melatonin in crop improvement and postharvest products are examined.

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Phylogenetic and Functional Diversity of Saprolegniales and Fungi Isolated from Temperate Lakes in Northeast Germany

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof7110968 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 968

Author(s):

Hossein Masigol ◽

Jason Nicholas Woodhouse ◽

Pieter van West ◽

Reza Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa ◽

Keilor Rojas-Jimenez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Dissolved Organic Matter ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Humic Substances ◽

Plant Litter ◽

Freshwater Ecosystems ◽

Chitinolytic Activity ◽

Ecological Implications ◽

Eukaryotic Organisms

The contribution of fungi to the degradation of plant litter and transformation of dissolved organic matter (humic substances, in particular) in freshwater ecosystems has received increasing attention recently. However, the role of Saprolegniales as one of the most common eukaryotic organisms is rarely studied. In this study, we isolated and phylogenetically placed 51 fungal and 62 Saprolegniales strains from 12 German lakes. We studied the cellulo-, lignino-, and chitinolytic activity of the strains using plate assays. Furthermore, we determined the capacity of 10 selected strains to utilize 95 different labile compounds, using Biolog FF MicroPlates™. Finally, the ability of three selected strains to utilize maltose and degrade/produce humic substances was measured. Cladosporium and Penicillium were amongst the most prevalent fungal strains, while Saprolegnia, Achlya, and Leptolegnia were the most frequent Saprolegniales strains. Although the isolated strains assigned to genera were phylogenetically similar, their enzymatic activity and physiological profiling were quite diverse. Our results indicate that Saprolegniales, in contrast to fungi, lack ligninolytic activity and are not involved in the production/transformation of humic substances. We hypothesize that Saprolegniales and fungi might have complementary roles in interacting with dissolved organic matter, which has ecological implications for carbon cycling in freshwater ecosystems.

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