Non-contact flow rate detection of component in mixed gas using spectrum absorption theory

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and helical nanofibers (HNFs) were selectively grown on copper substrates by chemical vapor deposition using acetylene as a carbon source. The experiments were carried out by using Ni, Fe and Co as single and co-catalysts which were deposited onto the substrates by a sparking method. The catalyst-coated copper substrates were heated at 750°C in a mixed-gas-flowing tube furnace, at an argon flow rate of 100 ml/min and various acetylene flow rates of 3, 5 and 10 ml/min. The larger diameter of HNFs was grown only on Ni and Ni-Fe catalysts at the acetylene flow rates of 5 and 10 ml/min whereas the uniform smaller diameter of CNTs was preferentially grown on Fe-Co and Ni-Fe catalysts at the flow rate of 3 ml/min. We suggest that Co likely prevents the formation of HNFs whereas Ni promotes.

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Effect Parameters of Ozonation of Dicamba in Aqueous Solution

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1258 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 750-752 ◽

pp. 1258-1261 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yu Heng Quan ◽

Lan Chen ◽

Yan Song ◽

Dan Dan Zou

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Mass Transfer ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Order Rate Constant ◽

Impact Factors ◽

Reaction Step ◽

Mixed Gas ◽

Transfer Step ◽

Overall Kinetics

The ozonation of dicamba in aqueous solution has been investigated in a bubble reactor in laboratory. The overall kinetics involved mass transfer step and reaction step are analyzed through two impact factors such as production percentage of O3in mixed gas and flow rate of the mixed gas. The experimental results show that ozonation process can effectively degrade dicamba in aqueous solution. The reaction step and mass transfer step are both influenced by the changing of production percentage of O3.kvalue, the pseudo-first-order rate constant, increases sharply as the production percentage of O3is rased from 40% to 50%. While the production percentage of O3is in the range of 50%~70%, the increase ofkvalue is slow. The concentration of O3in liquid phase reaches an extreme value after the production percentage increases to a certain extent, which resulting in such trend. While the production percentage of O3is fixed as 70%,kvalue is not basically affected by the changing of the mixed gas flow rate.

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Measurement of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System Flow Rate by Tracer Gas Method

Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology ◽

10.1115/1.2744059 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 369-372

Author(s):

Masatsugu Amano ◽

Tohru Kato ◽

Akira Negishi ◽

Ken Kato ◽

Ken Nozaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fuel Cell ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Calibration Method ◽

Cell System ◽

Fuel Cell System ◽

Mixed Gas ◽

Tracer Gas ◽

Sampling System ◽

Fuel Gas ◽

Sonic Nozzle

A high-precision method to measure efficiency of fuel cells with a 0.1% margin of error is proposed. This method is principally divided into two procedures: determining the composition of fuel gas to be fed into a fuel cell system and measuring the flow rate of the fuel gas. The composition of the fuel gas is determined by an FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectrometer) and/or a QMS (quadrapole mass spectrometer) with a built-in sonic nozzle sampling system. The flow rate was measured by the tracer gas method; that is, a given amount of tracer gas, such as one of the noble gases, was introduced into the line of the fuel gas, then, the mixed gas was sampled at the point where the tracer gas had been well mixed, and the concentration of the tracer gas was determined by the QMS. In this paper, a gravimetric calibration method using a highly sensitive balance is also proposed for flow control of the tracer gas. Also proposed are calibration of the FTIR and the QMS to establish the required low uncertainty or high accuracy of the measurement of the efficiency.

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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of ZrCuSiN Coatings Deposited by a Single Alloy Target

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings10050435 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 435 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hae Won Yoon ◽

Seung Yong Shin ◽

Se Hun Kwon ◽

Kyoung Il Moon

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Casting Process ◽

Mixed Gas ◽

Nitrogen Gas ◽

Automotive Engine ◽

Wear Protection ◽

Arc Melting ◽

Single Target ◽

Materials Used

Recently, research has been conducted on nanocomposite thin films containing new additive elements in ZrN. In this paper, a method for depositing ZrCuSiN nanocomposite coatings using a ZrCuSi single target is presented. The ZrCuSi target that was used to easily deposit a ZrCuSiN coating in a mixed gas atmosphere (Ar + N2) was produced by a simple arc melting method (casting process). The effect of the nitrogen content was investigated by depositing a ZrCuSiN coating using alloy targets at various nitrogen gas flow rates (2, 4, 6, and 8 sccm). X-ray diffraction analysis of the ZrCuSiN coatings revealed a ZrN structure with a preferable orientation (200). As the nitrogen flow rate increased, the formation of o-Zr3N4 was dominant in the ZrN formation. A nitrogen gas flow rate of 4 sccm produced a coating with optimal ZrN and a-Si3N4 coordination and maximum hardness (41 GPa). Reciprocal friction tests of all coatings and uncoated carburized SCM415 steel in a 5W30 lubrication atmosphere demonstrated that the 4 sccm coating had the lowest friction coefficient (0.002). Therefore, our method has the potential to be an alternative surface coating technique for materials used in automotive engine parts and various other wear protection applications.

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High Purity Magnetite Microparticles Directly Derived from Mill Scale via Hydrogen-Reduction Method

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.286 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1016 ◽

pp. 286-291

Author(s):

Autchariya Boontanom ◽

Piyada Suwanpinij

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

High Purity ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Reduction Method ◽

Hydrogen Reduction ◽

Reduction Temperature ◽

Mixed Gas ◽

Mill Scale ◽

X Ray ◽

Ar Gas

This study develops a fast and simple way to produce high purity magnetite (Fe3O4) microparticles from mill scale by using hydrogen reduction with the addition of vapour as a retarding agent. By optimising the reduction temperature and gas flow rate, the characterisations by X-ray diffractometry technique shown that the Fe3O4 fraction of over 93 wt.-% is shown at the reduction temperature of 550 – 650 oC with the flow rate of the 4.5-5.5 mol%H2 + Ar gas + H2O gas mixture from 100 – 200 ml/min. The highest Fe3O4 fraction of over 99 wt.-% can be achieved from the reduction with the mixed gas at 650 oC and the flow rate of 200 ml/min for 4 hour.

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Analysis of Aromatic Volatiles Utilizing a MEMS-Based Gas Chromatography Column

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.2642 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 295-297 ◽

pp. 2642-2646

Author(s):

Yu Hao Su ◽

Chia Yen Lee ◽

Ruey Jen Yang

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Wet Etching ◽

Cover Plate ◽

Mixed Gas ◽

Linear Flow ◽

Leakage Test ◽

Separation Result ◽

Benzene Toluene ◽

Separation Test

The purpose of this study is to propose and apply a MEMS-based gas chromatography (GC) device comprising a miniature serpentine column. A 2 m long, 200 μm wide and 250 μm deep column was fabricated using a wet etching process and bonded to a Pyrex cover plate. After the GC column was coated with Carbowax 20M as the stationary phase, the concentrations of benzene, toluene, Ethylbenzene and m-Xylene were successfully detected in the mixed sample. The leakage test and mixed gas separation test achieved a useful separation result for Ethylbenzene-Xylene and Benzene-Toluen mixture at a 17.1 cm/s linear flow rate in a GC chip column.

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Research on Leakage Fault Diagnosis and its Simulation for Control Valve of Mixed Gas

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.181-182.316 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 181-182 ◽

pp. 316-319

Author(s):

Yue Rong Zhang ◽

Yong Wang

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Fault Diagnosis ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Control Valve ◽

High Flow ◽

High Flow Rate ◽

Intelligent Fault Diagnosis ◽

Mixed Gas ◽

Simulation Test ◽

Leak Tightness

The leak tightness of control valve may be broken more easily with high flow rate, so this paper considers a control valve of mixed gas as the research object to establish a mathematical model of leakage fault on results of a study on the mechanism of leakage faults. We obtain a method of extracting fault symptom through a simulation test of fault in order to form the foundation for a system of intelligent fault diagnosis and detection (IFDD) for the control valve.

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A Novel Reconstitution Method for Inducing the Formation of Regular 2-Dimensional Arrays of Membrane Proteins and Lipids

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100102845 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 152-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Engel ◽

A. Holzenburg ◽

K. Stauffer ◽

J. Rosenbusch ◽

U. Aebi

Keyword(s):

Membrane Proteins ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Lipid Membranes ◽

Functional Characterization ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Electron Crystallography ◽

Peltier Element ◽

Protein Ratio ◽

Precise Control ◽

3 Dimensional

Reconstitution of solubilized and purified membrane proteins in the presence of phospholipids into vesicles allows their functions to be studied by simple bulk measurements (e.g. diffusion of differently sized solutes) or by conductance measurements after transformation into planar membranes. On the other hand, reconstitution into regular protein-lipid arrays, usually forming at a specific lipid-to-protein ratio, provides the basis for determining the 3-dimensional structure of membrane proteins employing the tools of electron crystallography.To refine reconstitution conditions for reproducibly inducing formation of large and highly ordered protein-lipid membranes that are suitable for both electron crystallography and patch clamping experiments aimed at their functional characterization, we built a flow-dialysis device that allows precise control of temperature and flow-rate (Fig. 1). The flow rate is generated by a peristaltic pump and can be adjusted from 1 to 500 ml/h. The dialysis buffer is brought to a preselected temperature during its travel through a meandering path before it enters the dialysis reservoir. A Z-80 based computer controls a Peltier element allowing the temperature profile to be programmed as function of time.

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Novel epoxy/anhydride alternatives for biological electron microscopy: Physical and performance characteristis of embed 812 and LX 112 in combination with NSA/NMA/DMAE

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100156985 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 1000-1001

Author(s):

Joe A. Mascorro ◽

Gerald S. Kirby

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Succinic Anhydride ◽

Volume Flow Rate ◽

Mass Density ◽

Uranyl Acetate ◽

Volume Flow ◽

Base Resin ◽

And Performance ◽

Acid Anhydrides

Embedding media based upon an epoxy resin of choice and the acid anhydrides dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA), nadic methyl anhydride (NMA), and catalyzed by the tertiary amine 2,4,6-Tri(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol (DMP-30) are widely used in biological electron microscopy. These media possess a viscosity character that can impair tissue infiltration, particularly if original Epon 812 is utilized as the base resin. Other resins that are considerably less viscous than Epon 812 now are available as replacements. Likewise, nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA) and dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) are more fluid than their counterparts DDSA and DMP- 30 commonly used in earlier formulations. This work utilizes novel epoxy and anhydride combinations in order to produce embedding media with desirable flow rate and viscosity parameters that, in turn, would allow the medium to optimally infiltrate tissues. Specifically, embeding media based on EmBed 812 or LX 112 with NSA (in place of DDSA) and DMAE (replacing DMP-30), with NMA remaining constant, are formulated and offered as alternatives for routine biological work.Individual epoxy resins (Table I) or complete embedding media (Tables II-III) were tested for flow rate and viscosity. The novel media were further examined for their ability to infilftrate tissues, polymerize, sectioning and staining character, as well as strength and stability to the electron beam and column vacuum. For physical comparisons, a volume (9 ml) of either resin or media was aspirated into a capillary viscocimeter oriented vertically. The material was then allowed to flow out freely under the influence of gravity and the flow time necessary for the volume to exit was recored (Col B,C; Tables). In addition, the volume flow rate (ml flowing/second; Col D, Tables) was measured. Viscosity (n) could then be determined by using the Hagen-Poiseville relation for laminar flow, n = c.p/Q, where c = a geometric constant from an instrument calibration with water, p = mass density, and Q = volume flow rate. Mass weight and density of the materials were determined as well (Col F,G; Tables). Infiltration schedules utilized were short (1/2 hr 1:1, 3 hrs full resin), intermediate (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) , or long (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) in total time. Polymerization schedules ranging from 15 hrs (overnight) through 24, 36, or 48 hrs were tested. Sections demonstrating gold interference colors were collected on unsupported 200- 300 mesh grids and stained sequentially with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.

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