Ethnicity and body dissatisfaction: Are Hispanic and Asian girls at increased risk for eating disorders?

AbstractSome females are at an increased risk of developing bulimia. However, etiological factors and their interplay remain controversial. The present study analyzed Sticefe Model for eating disorders in a non-clinical population by examining gender differences with respect to the following risk factors: body mass index (BMI), body dissatisfaction, perceived social pressure to be thin, body-thin internalization, and dieting behavior. A sample of 162 American college students (64 males and 91 females) was surveyed, and validated scales were used. The Sticey model was tested using Structural Equation Modeling. Our results supported Stice r Dual Pathway Model of bulimic pathology for females but not for males. Females reported significantly higher body dissatisfaction, perceived pressure to be thin and weight-loss oriented behaviors than males (p < .05), but no gender differences were found in their degree of body thin internalization (p > .05), a key predictor of body dissatisfaction (r = .33; p < .01). Participants with higher BMI reported greater social pressure to be thin than those with lower BMI (p < .05). However, females engaged in dietary restraint, the main risk factor for eating disorders, regardless of their BMI (p > .05) although their BMI was significantly lower than males (d = 0,51). The results of this study fail to support the role of BMI as a predictor of dietary restraint in females, the main risk factor of eating disorders. Males may abstain from dietary restraint to gain muscular volume and in turn increase their BMI. Implications are discussed.

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Relationship between Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Disorder of University Students

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Journal of Undergraduate Research ◽

10.46754/umtjur.v1i2.64 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 36-40

Author(s):

Tuan Nor Atiqah Syafiqah Tuan Abd Aziz ◽

Madihah Shukri

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Eating Disorder ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Oral Control ◽

The Relationship ◽

Pearson Correlations

This study examined the relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating disorder of undergraduate students in University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). Using stratified random sampling technique, data from 299 respondents was gathered. Body dissatisfaction was measured using Body Shape Questionnaire while eating disorders were assessed using Eating Attitudes Test. Descriptive statistics showed that the majority of the respondents reported no symptom of body dissatisfaction. With regard to eating disorders, respondents reported low levels of dieting, bulimia and oral control, indicating that an eating disorder in this sample was somewhat low. T-test analyses showed that there were no significant gender differences in body dissatisfaction as well as in eating disorders. However, there was evidence to suggest that female respondents had slightly higher level of eating disorder than males. Results of Pearson correlations showed there was significant relationship between body dissatisfaction and total score of eating disorders, dieting, bulimia and oral control subtypes (r = .58, p <.001; r = .64, p<.001; r = .39, p<.001; r = .18, p<.001; respectively) in that, higher level of body dissatisfaction was significantly related to increased risk of eating disorders.

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Digital Manipulation of Images of Models' Appearance in Advertising: Strategies for Action Through Law and Corporate Social Responsibility Incentives to Protect Public Health

American Journal of Law & Medicine ◽

10.1177/0098858819849990 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 7-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Caitlin McBride ◽

Nancy Costello ◽

Suman Ambwani ◽

Breanne Wilhite ◽

S. Bryn Austin

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

United States ◽

Eating Disorders ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

The United States ◽

Policy Initiatives ◽

Legal Context ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Us ◽

Corporate Social

AbstractContext:Widespread digital retouching of advertising imagery in the fashion, beauty, and other consumer industries promotes unrealistic beauty standards that have harmful effects on public health. In particular, exposure to misleading beauty imagery is linked with greater body dissatisfaction, worse mood, poorer self-esteem, and increased risk for disordered eating behaviors. Moreover, given the social, psychological, medical, and economic burden of eating disorders, there is an urgent need to address environmental risk factors and to scale up prevention efforts by increasing the regulation of digitally altered advertising imagery.Methods:This manuscript summarizes the health research literature linking digital retouching of advertising to increased risk of eating disorders, disordered weight and appearance control behaviors, and body dissatisfaction in consumers, followed by a review of global policy initiatives designed to regulate digital retouching to reduce health harms to consumers. Next, we turn to the US legal context, reporting on findings generated through legal research via Westlaw and LexisNexis, congressional records, federal agency websites, law review articles, and Supreme Court opinions, in addition to consulting legal experts on both tax law and the First Amendment, to evaluate the viability of various policy initiatives proposed to strengthen regulation on digital retouching in the United States.Findings:Influencing advertising practices via tax incentives combined with corporate social responsibility initiatives may be the most constitutionally feasible options for the US legal context to reduce the use of digitally alternated images of models' bodies in advertising.Conclusions:Policy and corporate initiatives to curtail use of digitally altered images found to be harmful to mental and behavioral health of consumers could reduce the burden of eating disorders, disordered weight and appearance control behaviors, and body dissatisfaction and thereby improve population health in the United States.

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Influence of the Mass Media and Body Dissatisfaction on the Risk in Adolescents of Developing Eating Disorders

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16091508 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. 1508 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Francisco Nataniel Macedo Uchôa ◽

Natalia Macêdo Uchôa ◽

Thiago Medeiros da Costa Daniele ◽

Romario Primeiro Lustosa ◽

Nuno Domingos Garrido ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Mass Media ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Mass Media ◽

Eat 26

Media influence may lead adolescents to internalize patterns of physical beauty, resulting in dissatisfaction with their own bodies when they are unable to match up to these patterns. In the constant search for an ‘ideal body’, adolescents may begin to develop risk behaviors for the development of eating disorders (ED). The object of this study was to analyze the influence of the mass media on body dissatisfaction (BD) and on ED in adolescents, comparing genders. We also analyzed the influence of BD on the risk of developing unsuitable eating behaviors, with risk of ED, comparing genders. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1011 adolescents: 527 girls and 484 boys. The BMI of each adolescent was determined, and the instruments EAT-26, Sociocultural Attitudes towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3), and body shape questionnaire (BSQ), were applied. For statistical analysis, we used Student’s t-test, the chi-square test, Pearson’s correlation test, the odds ratio, and hierarchical multiple linear regression. The influence of the mass media is associated with a greater probability of adolescents presenting BD. An increase in BD is associated with an increased risk of developing ED in adolescents of both genders but is greater in girls than in boys. Furthermore, the influence of the MM and BMI are predictors of BD in both genders; and BD is a predictor of ED risk in both girls and boys.

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Improving Body Satisfaction

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027/1016-9040/a000206 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 62-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Carolien Martijn ◽

Jessica M. Alleva ◽

Anita Jansen

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Automatic System ◽

Body Satisfaction ◽

Western Society ◽

Related Information ◽

Current Article ◽

Women And Girls

Feelings of body dissatisfaction are common in Western society, especially in women and girls. More than innocent discontent, body dissatisfaction can have serious consequences such as depression and eating disorders. The current article discusses the nature of body dissatisfaction, how it develops and how it is currently being treated. We also discuss novel strategies to increase body satisfaction that work on the automatic system (e.g., by retraining attentional and conditioning processes), since recent research suggests that appearance-related information is processed automatically. We suggest that extant methods should be combined with these novel strategies, in order to optimally improve body dissatisfaction and to prevent its detrimental consequences.

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A qualitative study on the multi-level process of resilience development for adults recovering from eating disorders

Journal of Eating Disorders ◽

10.1186/s40337-021-00422-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Katie Grogan ◽

Hannah O’Daly ◽

Jessica Bramham ◽

Mary Scriven ◽

Caroline Maher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Eating Disorder ◽

Qualitative Study ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Well Being ◽

Fundamental Aspect ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Resilience Process ◽

Multi Level ◽

Level Process

Abstract Background Resilience research to date has been criticised for its consideration of resilience as a personal trait instead of a process, and for identifying individual factors related to resilience with no consideration of the ecological context. The overall aim of the current study was to explore the multi-level process through which adults recovering from EDs develop resilience, from the perspectives of clients and clinicians. The objective of this research was to outline the stages involved in the process of developing resilience, which might help to inform families and services in how best to support adults with EDs during their recovery. Method Thirty participants (15 clients; 15 clinicians) took part in semi-structured interviews, and responded to questions relating to factors associated with resilience. Using an inductive approach, data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results The overarching theme which described the process of developing resilience was ‘Bouncing back to being me’, which involved three stages: ‘Who am I without my ED?’, ‘My eating disorder does not define me’, and ‘I no longer need my eating disorder’. Twenty sub-themes were identified as being involved in this resilience process, thirteen of which required multi-level involvement. Conclusion This qualitative study provided a multi-level resilience framework for adults recovering from eating disorders, that is based on the experiences of adults with eating disorders and their treating clinicians. This framework provided empirical evidence that resilience is an ecological process involving an interaction between internal and external factors occurring between adults with eating disorder and their most immediate environments (i.e. family and social). Plain English summary Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder demonstrate high rates of symptom persistence across time and poor prognosis for a significant proportion of individuals affected by these disorders, including health complications and increased risk of mortality. Many researchers have attempted to explore how to improve recovery outcomes for this population. Eating disorder experts have emphasised the need to focus not only on the weight indicators and eating behaviours that sustain the eating disorder during recovery, but also on the psychological well-being of the person recovering. One way to achieve this is to focus on resilience, which was identified as a fundamental aspect of eating disorder recovery in previous research. This study conceptualises resilience as a dynamic process that is influenced not only at a personal level but also through the environment in which the person lives. This study gathered data from adults with eating disorders and their treating clinicians, to devise a framework for resilience development for adults recovering from eating disorders. The paper discussed ways in which these findings and the framework identified can be easily implemented in clinical practice to facilitate a better understanding of eating disorder resilience and to enhance recovery outcomes.

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Celebrity influence on body image and eating disorders: A review

Journal of Health Psychology ◽

10.1177/1359105320988312 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 135910532098831

Author(s):

Zoe Brown ◽

Marika Tiggemann

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Body Image ◽

Big Data ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Disordered Eating ◽

Research Articles ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Media Attention ◽

Research Findings ◽

Appearance Comparison

Celebrities are well-known individuals who receive extensive public and media attention. There is an increasing body of research on the effect of celebrities on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Yet, there has been no synthesis of the research findings. A systematic search for research articles on celebrities and body image or eating disorders resulted in 36 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Overall, the qualitative, correlational, big data, and experimental methodologies used in these studies demonstrated that exposure to celebrity images, appearance comparison, and celebrity worship are associated with maladaptive consequences for individuals’ body image.

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Restrained eating in Lebanese adolescents: scale validation and correlates

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-021-02728-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tracy Boulos Nakhoul ◽

Anthony Mina ◽

Michel Soufia ◽

Sahar Obeid ◽

Souheil Hallit

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Eating Disorders ◽

Eating Disorder ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Body Mass ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Activity Index ◽

Arab Countries ◽

Restrained Eating ◽

Distress Scale

Abstract Background Restrained eating disorder is prevalent worldwide across both ethnic and different cultural groups, and most importantly within the adolescent population. Additionally, comorbidities of restrained eating present a large burden on both physical and mental health of individuals. Moreover, literature is relatively scarce in Arab countries regarding eating disorders, let alone restrained eating, and among adolescent populations; hence, the aim of this study was to (1) validate the Dutch Restrained Eating Scale in a sample of Lebanese adolescents and (2) assess factors correlated with restrained eating (RE), while taking body dissatisfaction as a moderator between body mass index (BMI) and RE. Methods This cross-sectional study, conducted between May and June 2020 during the lockdown period imposed by the Lebanese government, included 614 adolescents aged between 15 and 18 years from all Lebanese governorates (mean age of 16.66 ± 1.01 years). The scales used were: Dutch Restrained Eating Scale, body dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory-Second version, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Beirut Distress Scale (for psychological distress), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and Patient Health Questionnaire (for depression). Results The factor analysis yielded a one-factor solution with Eigen values > 1 (variance explained = 59.65 %; αCronbach = 0.924). Female gender (B = 0.19), higher BMI (B = 0.49), higher physical activity index (B = 0.17), following a diet to lose weight (B = 0.26), starving oneself to lose weight (B = 0.13), more body dissatisfaction (B = 1.09), and higher stress (B = 0.18) were significantly associated with more RE, whereas taking medications to lose weight (B=-0.10) was significantly associated with less RE. The interaction body mass index (BMI) by body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with RE; in the group with low BMI, higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with more RE. Conclusions Our study showed that the Dutch Restrained Eating scale is an adapted and validated tool to be used among Lebanese adolescents and revealed factors associated with restrained eating in this population. Since restrained eating has been associated with many clinically-diagnosed eating disorders, the results of this study might serve as a first step towards the development of prevention strategies targeted towards promoting a healthy lifestyle in Lebanese adolescents.

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Association and Familial Coaggregation of Type 1 Diabetes and Eating Disorders: A Register-Based Cohort Study in Denmark and Sweden

10.2337/figshare.14040212 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ashley E. Tate ◽

Shengxin Liu ◽

Ruyue Zhang ◽

Zeynep Yilmaz ◽

Janne T. Larsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Eating Disorder ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Diabetes Diagnosis ◽

Disordered Eating Behaviors ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Clinical Diagnoses

OBJECTIVE To ascertain the association and co-aggregation of eating disorders and childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in families. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using population samples from national registers in Sweden (n= 2 517 277) and Demark (n= 1 825 920) we investigated the within-individual association between type 1 diabetes and EDs, and their familial co-aggregation among full siblings, half-siblings, full cousins, and half-cousins. Based on clinical diagnoses we classified eating disorders (EDs) into: any eating disorder (AED), anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa (AN), and other eating disorder (OED). Associations were determined with hazard ratios (HR) with confidence intervals (CI) from Cox regressions. RESULTS <pre>Swedish and Danish individuals with a type 1 diabetes diagnosis had a greater risk of receiving an ED diagnosis (HR [95% CI] Sweden: AED 2.02 [1.80 – 2.27], AN 1.63 [1.36 – 1.96], OED 2.34 [2.07 – 2.63]; Denmark: AED 2.19 [1.84 – 2.61], AN 1.78 [1.36 – 2.33], OED 2.65 [2.20 – 3.21]). We also meta-analyzed the results: AED 2.07 [1.88 – 2.28], AN 1.68 [1.44 – 1.95], OED 2.44 [2.17 – 2.72]. There was an increased risk of receiving an ED diagnosis in full siblings in the Swedish cohort (AED 1.25 [1.07 – 1.46], AN 1.28 [1.04 – 1.57], OED 1.28 [1.07 – 1.52]), these results were non-significant in the Danish cohort.</pre> CONCLUSION Patients with 1 diabetes are at a higher risk of subsequent EDs; however, there is conflicting support for the relationship between having a sibling with type 1 diabetes and ED diagnosis. Diabetes healthcare teams should be vigilant for disordered eating behaviors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

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Comorbidity between types of eating disorder and general medical conditions

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.2021.104 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Natalie C. Momen ◽

Oleguer Plana-Ripoll ◽

Cynthia M. Bulik ◽

John J. McGrath ◽

Laura M. Thornton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Eating Disorder ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Medical Condition ◽

Detailed Examination ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

Medical Conditions ◽

Relative Risks ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Increased Risk

Background Comorbidity with general medical conditions is common in individuals with eating disorders. Many previous studies do not evaluate types of eating disorder. Aims To provide relative and absolute risks of bidirectional associations between (a) anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and eating disorders not otherwise specified and (b) 12 general medical conditions. Method We included all people born in Denmark between 1977 and 2010. We collected information on eating disorders and considered the risk of subsequent medical conditions, using Cox proportional hazards regression. Absolute risks were calculated using competing risks survival analyses. We also considered risks for prior medical conditions and subsequent eating disorders. Results An increased risk was seen for almost all disorder pairs (69 of 70). Hazard ratios for those with a prior eating disorder receiving a subsequent diagnosis of a medical condition ranged from 0.94 (95% CI 0.57−1.55) to 2.05 (95% CI 1.86−2.27). For those with a prior medical condition, hazard ratios for later eating disorders ranged from 1.35 (95% CI 1.26–1.45) to 1.98 (95% CI 1.71–2.28). Absolute risks for most later disorders were increased for persons with prior disorders, compared with reference groups. Conclusions This is the largest and most detailed examination of eating disorder–medical condition comorbidity. The findings indicate that medical condition comorbidity is increased among those with eating disorders and vice versa. Although there was some variation in comorbidity observed across eating disorder types, magnitudes of relative risks did not differ greatly.

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