scholarly journals PMC63 THE TRANSLATION AND LINGUISTIC VALIDATION OF THE NEUROPATHY TOTAL SYMPTOM SCORE-6 SELF-ASSESSED VERSION (NTSS-6 SA)

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. A31
Author(s):  
T Furtado ◽  
R Gordon-Stables ◽  
D Wild
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Score ◽  
Total Symptom Score ◽  
Linguistic Validation

scholarly journals HOW DO LEARNING DISORDERS IMPACT CLINICAL MEASURES FOLLOWING CONCUSSION?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0018
Author(s):  
Aaron J. Zynda ◽  
Mathew A. Stokes ◽  
Jane S. Chung ◽  
C. Munro Cullum ◽  
Shane M. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Score ◽  
Learning Disorders ◽  
Total Symptom Score ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Clinical Measures ◽  
The Impact

Background: There is limited evidence examining the impact of learning disorders on testing and screening scores used in evaluation following concussion in adolescents. Purpose: To examine differences in clinical measures between adolescents with a history of dyslexia or ADD/ADHD and those without a history of learning disorder (LD) following concussion. Methods: Data were collected from participants enrolled in the North Texas Concussion Network Prospective Registry (ConTex). Participants ages 10-18 who had been diagnosed with a concussion sustained within 30 days of enrollment were included. Participants were separated into three groups based on self-reported prior diagnosis: dyslexia, ADD/ADHD, and no history of LD. Clinical measures from initial presentation were examined, including ImPACT®, King-Devick (KD), SCAT-5 symptom log, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale. Independent t-test analysis was performed to compare scores between groups. Results: A total of 993 participants were included; 68 with dyslexia, 141 with ADD/ADHD, and 784 with no history of LD. There was no difference in age, sex, time since injury, or history of concussion between the dyslexia group and no LD group. In the ADD/ADHD group, there were significantly more male participants (64.5% and 50.3% respectively, p=0.002). Participants with a history of dyslexia had a significant increase in KD time (63.7 sec vs 56.5 sec, p=0.019). Additionally, ImPACT® testing showed a decrease in visual motor speed (28.87 vs 32.99, p= 0.010). Total symptom score was higher in this group as well (36.22 vs 28.27, p=0.013). In those with a history of ADD/ADHD, multiple domains were found to be significantly different on ImPACT® testing including visual motor speed (30.05), reaction time (0.75), and cognitive efficiency (0.23) when compared to those with no LD (32.99, 0.71, and 0.27 respectively, p=0.004, 0.047, 0.027). KD time was also significantly higher in this group (62.1 sec vs 56.5 sec, p=0.008), as was the total symptom score (32.99 vs 28.27, p=0.043). PHQ-8 and GAD-7 were both significantly higher in the group with ADD/ADHD (5.79 and 5.06 respectively, p=0.001) than those with no LD (4.32 and 3.56, p=0.001). Conclusion: Differences were seen in participants with a history of dyslexia and ADD/ADHD on clinical concussion measures, including ImPACT® and KD testing, SCAT-5 symptom log, and screenings for depression and anxiety. A better understanding of the unique profiles seen in these patients will aid providers in their evaluation and assist as they counsel families regarding their child’s injury.

scholarly journals Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Aerobic Training and Common Sport-Related Concussion Outcomes in Healthy Participants

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1156-1165
Author(s):  
Elizabeth F. Teel ◽  
Johna K. Register-Mihalik ◽  
Lawrence Gregory Appelbaum ◽  
Claudio L. Battaglini ◽  
Kevin A. Carneiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Symptom Score ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Total Symptom Score ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Healthy Participants ◽  
Active Training

Context Aerobic exercise interventions are increasingly being prescribed for concussion rehabilitation, but whether aerobic training protocols influence clinical concussion diagnosis and management assessments is unknown. Objective To investigate the effects of a brief aerobic exercise intervention on clinical concussion outcomes in healthy, active participants. Design Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Healthy (uninjured) participants (n = 40) who exercised ≥3 times/week. Intervention(s) Participants were randomized into the acute concussion therapy intervention (ACTIVE) training or nontraining group. All participants completed symptom, cognitive, balance, and vision assessments during 2 test sessions approximately 14 days apart. Participants randomized to ACTIVE training completed six 30-minute exercise sessions that progressed from 60% to 80% of individualized maximal oxygen consumption (V˙o2max) across test sessions, while the nontraining group received no intervention. Main Outcome Measure(s) The CNS Vital Signs standardized scores, Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening near-point convergence distance (cm), and Graded Symptom Checklist, Balance Error Scoring System, and Standardized Assessment of Concussion total scores. Results An interaction effect was found for total symptom score (P = .01); the intervention group had improved symptom scores between sessions (session 1: 5.1 ± 5.8; session 2: 1.9 ± 3.6). Cognitive flexibility, executive functioning, reasoning, and total symptom score outcomes were better but composite memory, verbal memory, and near-point convergence distance scores were worse at the second session (all P values < .05). However, few changes exceeded the 80% reliable change indices calculated for this study, and effect sizes were generally small to negligible. Conclusions A brief aerobic training protocol had few meaningful effects on clinical concussion assessment in healthy participants, suggesting that current concussion-diagnostic and -assessment tools remain clinically stable in response to aerobic exercise training. This provides normative data for future researchers, who should further evaluate the effect of ACTIVE training on clinical outcomes among concussed populations. Trial Registration Number ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02872480

scholarly journals Patient Reported Symptoms and Tryptase Levels in WHO-Defined Systemic Mastocytosis (SM) Versus Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) Versus Neither

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 3204-3204
Author(s):  
Darci Zblewski ◽  
Ramy A. Abdelrahman ◽  
Dong Chen ◽  
Joseph H. Butterfield ◽  
Ayalew Tefferi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Symptom Score ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Total Symptom Score ◽  
Mast Cell Activation ◽  
Median Score ◽  
Serum Tryptase ◽  
Tryptase Level ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Symptom Scores

Abstract Introduction: The utility of patient reported symptoms and serum tryptase levels in distinguishing those with systemic mastocytosis (SM) versus mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) versus those not meeting formal diagnostic criteria for SM or MCAS has not been systematically examined. Methods: This study was approved by our institutional review board. Patients were referred for suspected SM based on symptoms of mast cell activation, osteopenia, skin rash, etc., or had an established diagnosis of SM. All patients were given a Mastocytosis Symptom Assessment Form (MastSAF) to complete at their initial evaluation. The MastSAF is comprised of 36 symptom questions to be graded on a scale of 0 (absent) to 10 (worst imaginable), and is organized around 9 symptom clusters: gastrointestinal (8 questions), constitutional (3 questions), musculoskeletal (5 questions), cutaneous (4 questions), neuropsychological (6 questions), genitourinary (3 questions), respiratory (4 questions), angioedema (1 question), and cardiovascular (2 questions). All patients underwent bone marrow biopsy and serum tryptase level assessment. SM was diagnosed by 2008 WHO criteria. In the presence of characteristic symptoms, if clonal or abnormal mast cells were not identified, and if serum/urine mast cell mediator levels were increased, then non-SM associated, non-monoclonal MCAS was diagnosed. Results: A total 53 patients were studied. 1) SM: Of 28 patients, 13 had indolent SM (ISM), 9 aggressive SM (ASM) and 6 SM with associated hematological disease (SM-AHD) The median total symptom score was 47 (range 8-159). The median (range) for SM subgroups was: ISM 51 (9-159), ASM 55 (19-157) and SM-AHD 27 (8-131) (p=0.2). The normalized median score for individual symptom categories (total median score/no. of symptoms per category) in order of severity was cutaneous 1.9, gastrointestinal 1.8, constitutional 1.7, neuropsychological 1.3, respiratory 1.3, musculoskeletal 0.9, cardiovascular 0.3, genitourinary 0.3, and angioedema 0. Symptom severity was not significantly different among the 3 SM subgroups, except for constitutional symptoms (median score ASM 9, ISM 4, SM-AHD 2.5, p=0.02). The median (range) tryptase level was 48.4 ng/mL (8.8-282); four patients (14%) had a baseline level <20 ng/mL. The median (range) tryptase level among SM subgroups was: ISM 46.9 (8.8-225), ASM 103 (29.4-282), and SM-AHD 43.5 (28.5-233) (p=0.1). When considering patients with tryptase level ≥50 versus <50 ng/mL, symptom scores were not significantly higher in the former group with the exception of constitutional (p=0.02) and genitourinary symptoms (p=0.04). 2) MCAS: 15 patients The median total symptom score was 127 (range 2-248). The normalized median score for individual symptom categories in order of severity was neuropsychological 4.5, musculoskeletal 4.2, cutaneous 4.0, constitutional 3.3, gastrointestinal 2.1, respiratory and cardiovascular 2.0 each, genitourinary 1.7, and angioedema 1.0. The median (range) serum tryptase level at referral was 12.7 ng/mL (1.7-25.8); five patients (33%) had a baseline level >20 ng/mL. 3) Neither SM/MCAS: 10 patients The median total symptom score was 119 (range 45-177). The normalized median score for individual symptom categories in order of severity was musculoskeletal 4.2, gastrointestinal 3.6, constitutional 3.3, neuropsychological 3.3, cutaneous 3.0, cardiovascular and genitourinary 2.0 each, respiratory 1.3, and angioedema 0. The median (range) serum tryptase level at referral (n=9) was 4.8 ng/mL (2.9-6.6). 4) Comparison: MCAS vs. SM: Symptom scores were significantly higher in MCAS as compared to SM (p<0.05), except for genitourinary and respiratory symptoms, which were not significantly different. ‘Neither SM/MCAS’ vs. SM: Symptom scores (total, gastrointestinal, constitutional, musculoskeletal, cutaneous, and neuropsychological) were significantly higher in the former group (p<0.05). Other symptom scores were not significantly different. Conclusions: The spectrum and severity of patient reported symptoms was broadly similar among WHO subcategories of SM, and serum tryptase level had limited if any correlation with symptom scores. Despite the significantly higher overall symptom burden in MCAS versus SM, tryptase levels in the former group were significantly lower with values >30 ng/mL unusual. Despite overlap, the top ranked symptoms in the 3 groups were different. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Treatment of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and noninfective irritable bowel syndrome with mesalazine

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Bafutto ◽  
José Roberto de Almeida ◽  
Nayle Vilela Leite ◽  
Enio Chaves Oliveira ◽  
Salustiano Gabriel-Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Symptom Score ◽  
Stool Frequency ◽  
Total Symptom Score ◽  
Stool Consistency ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Group ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Postinfectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome

CONTEXT: Recent studies support the hypothesis that postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and some irritable bowel syndrome patients display persistent signs of minor mucosal inflammation. Mesalazine has intestinal anti-inflammatory properties including cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin inhibition. The effects of mesalazine on postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and noninfective irritable bowel syndrome patients are still unknown. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of mesalazine on postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and noninfective irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea patients. METHODS: Based on Rome III criteria, 61 irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea patients (18 years old or more) were included in the evaluation. Patients were divided into two groups: postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome group, with 18 patients medicated with mesalazine 800 mg 3 times a day for 30 days; noninfective irritable bowel syndrome group, with 43 patients medicated with mesalazine 800 mg 3 times a day for 30 days. Symptom evaluations at baseline and after treatment were performed by means of a four-point Likert scale including stool frequency, stool form and consistency (Bristol Stool Scale), abdominal pain and distension (maximum score: 16; minimum score: 4). RESULTS: Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome group presented a statistically significant reduction of the total symptom score (P<0.0001). The stool frequency was significantly reduced (P<0.0001), and stool consistency, improved (P<0.0001). Abdominal pain (P<0.0001) and abdominal distension were significantly reduced (P<0.0001). Noninfective irritable bowel syndrome group presented a statistically significant reduction of total symptom score (P<0.0001). Also, the stool frequency was significantly reduced (P<0.0001) and stool consistency, improved (P<0.0001). Abdominal pain (P<0.0001) and abdominal distention were significantly reduced (P<0.0001). There was no statistical difference between postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome group and noninfective irritable bowel syndrome group on total symptom score results at 30th day of therapy with mesalazine 800 mg 3 times a day. (P = 0.13). CONCLUSION: Mesalazine reduced key symptoms of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and noninfective irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea patients.

scholarly journals Effects of Omecamtiv Mecarbil on Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Michael Felker ◽  
Scott D. Solomon ◽  
John J.V. McMurray ◽  
John G.F. Cleland ◽  
Siddique A. Abbasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Chronic Heart Failure ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Symptom Score ◽  
Summary Score ◽  
Total Symptom Score ◽  
Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Omecamtiv Mecarbil

Background: Chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction impairs health-related quality of life (HRQL). Omecamtiv mecarbil (OM)—a novel activator of cardiac myosin—improves left ventricular systolic function and remodeling and reduces natriuretic peptides. We sought to evaluate the effect of OM on symptoms and HRQL in patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and elevated natriuretic peptides enrolled in the COSMIC-HF trial (Chronic Oral Study of Myosin Activation to Increase Contractility in Heart Failure). Methods: Patients (n=448) were randomized 1:1:1 to placebo, 25 mg of OM BID, or to pharmacokinetically guided dose titration (OM-PK) for 20 weeks. The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire was administered to assess HRQL at baseline, 16 weeks, and 20 weeks. The primary scores of interest were the Total Symptom Score, Physical Limitation Scale, and Clinical Summary Score. Results: Mean change in score from baseline to 20 weeks for the Total Symptom Score was 5.0 (95% CI, 1.8–8.1) for placebo, 6.6 (95% CI, 3.4–9.8) for OM 25 mg ( P =0.32 versus placebo), and 9.9 (95% CI, 6.7–13.0) for OM-PK ( P =0.03 versus placebo); for the Physical Limitation Scale, it was 3.1 for placebo (95% CI, −0.3 to 6.6), 6.0 (95% CI, 3.1–8.9) for OM 25 mg ( P =0.12), and 4.3 (95% CI, 0.7–7.9) for OM-PK ( P =0.42); for the Clinical Summary Score, it was 4.1 (95% CI, 1.4–6.9) for placebo, 6.3 (95% CI, 3.6–9.0) for OM 25 mg ( P =0.19), and 7.0 (95% CI, 4.1–10.0) for OM-PK ( P =0.14). Differences between OM and placebo were greater in patients who were more symptomatic at baseline. Conclusions: HRQL as measured by the Total Symptom Score improved in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction assigned to the OM-PK group relative to placebo. Ongoing trials are prospectively testing whether OM improves symptoms and HRQL in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT01786512.

The Myleloproliferative Neoplasm Symptom Assessment Form (MPN-SAF) Derived Total Symptom Score (TSS): An International Trial of 1433 Patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs),

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 3839-3839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn Scherber ◽  
Amylou Dueck ◽  
Jean-Jacques Kiladjian ◽  
Stephanie Slot ◽  
Sonja Zweegman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Symptom Score ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Bone Pain ◽  
Total Symptom Score ◽  
Early Satiety ◽  
Eortc Qlq C30 ◽  
Eortc Qlq

Abstract Abstract 3839 BACKGROUND: We have previously reported on the validation of the 18 item Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Assessment Form (MPN-SAF) (Blood 2011;118:401–408) given in conjunction with the 9 item Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) (Cancer 1999;85:1186–1196) to assess symptomatic burden in an international sample of MPN patients (pts), including validation in English, Italian, Swedish, German, French, Spanish, and Dutch. We desired to assess the utility of an average total symptom score (TSS) from the most pertinent and representative MPN symptoms for purposes of assessing the burden of symptoms in MPN pts, and subsequent tracking in response to therapy. METHODS: Data was collected among an international cohort of MPN pts and their physicians, including patient demographics and disease features and completion the BFI, MPN-SAF and the EORTC-QLQ-C30. Among pts who completed at least 5 of 10 specific items on the BFI and MPN-SAF, an average score was calculated as the TSS. TSS items included “worst” fatigue from the BFI and 9 items from the MPN-SAF including concentration, early satiety, inactivity, night sweats, itching, bone pain, abdominal discomfort, weight loss and fever. The TSS thus had a possible range of 0–10 with 10 representing the highest level of symptom severity. Data was then analyzed for internal consistency, and divergent, convergent validity, and construct validity. RESULTS: Patient Demographic and Disease Characteristics:1433 MPN pts were prospectively enrolled (Argentina 22, France 482, Germany 59, Italy 186, Netherlands 236, Puerto Rico 10, United Kingdom 57, United States 102, Spain 157, Sweden 114, Uruguay 8) including 594 ET, 538 PV and 293 MF pts (8 missing; MF: 61% Primary MF, 23% post-ET MF, 15% post-PV MF). 1408 pts completed at least 5 of the 10 items necessary to calculate a TSS. Pts were of characteristic age (mean 62, range 20–94) and gender (54% female) common to disease. TSS Burden of MPN Symptoms: Consistent with prior studies, the majority of pts (>50%) were symptomatic in each TSS item except for items associated with high disease severity, namely bone pain (48.6%), weight loss (30.6%) and fever (18.4%). Fatigue carried the highest symptom intensity (4.4, SD=2.8), followed by problems with concentration (2.5, SD=2.8) and early satiety (2.5, SD=2.7). Overall mean TSS was 2.1 (SD=1.6). Divergent Validity: TSS significantly differed among MPN disease subtypes (p<0.001) with means of 1.9 (SD=1.5), 2.2 (SD=1.6), and 2.5 (SD=1.7) for ET, PV, and MF pts, respectively. Statistically significant differences in TSS were also observed between pts with clinically deficient (>4, n=480) versus non-clinically deficient QOL (<4, n=894; mean 3.3 versus 1.5; p<0.001). When comparing to MD perceptions, TSS was significantly higher when MDs rated >2 of 6 common MPN-related symptoms as clinically significant (2.8, n=400) versus <2 symptoms (1.6, n=726; p<0.001). No significant trends were observed when comparing disease type by the presence of a current medical therapy. Convergent Validity: The TSS was strongly correlated with patient-reported QOL (r=0.59, p<0.001). Overall excellent correlations existed between the TSS and EORTC-QLQ-C30 functional subscales (all p<0.001 and r>0.50 except social functioning [r=0.48]). Additionally, excellent correlations were observed between the TSS and EORTC-QLQ-C30 fatigue and pain symptom scales (r>0.5, p<0.001). Internal Consistency and Construct Validity: The TSS had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.83). Factor analysis identified a single underlying construct among the 10 TSS items (significant eigenvalues being >1). Factor loadings ranged from 0.43 for fever and weight loss to 0.71 for inactivity. The single factor suggests that the arithmetic mean of the 10 items is an appropriate global TSS score. CONCLUSION: The TSS demonstrated excellent psychometric properties. Overall, results of validity and internal consistency indicate that the TSS is a concise, valid, and accurate assessment of symptom burden among MPN pts. This new scoring will facilitate ease of implementation of the MPN-SAF into larger clinical trials and reduce ambiguity associated with interpreting response outcomes. Future analyses to investigate the impact of therapies on TSS are ongoing. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Evaluating Meridian-Sinew Release Therapy for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Wei ◽  
Zhi-Huang Chen ◽  
Wei-Feng Sun ◽  
Geng-Peng Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Hao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Symptom Score ◽  
Joint Stiffness ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Outcome Evaluation ◽  
Total Symptom Score ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Osteoarthritis Of The Knee ◽  
Functional Movement ◽  
The Impact

Objective. In recent years, public health experts have concluded that the impact of osteoarthritis is equal in magnitude to that of cardiovascular disease. Osteoarthritis of the knee is prevalent in the elderly population; however, there are currently no effective treatments for this condition. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of “meridian-sinew release,” a newly developed technique which entails using a meridian-sinew scope and a meridian-sinew knife to treat osteoarthritis of the knee.Methods. Patients (N=90) with knee osteoarthritis were prospectively randomized to meridian-sinew release therapy, acupuncture therapy, or drug therapy groups, respectively. Outcome evaluation included pain, stiffness, physiological function, total symptom score, and overall changes in the condition.Results. After 12 weeks, patients' general assessment (GA) and doctors' general assessment (GA) of the condition were not significantly different among the three groups. However, significant differences in primary endpoint pain, joint stiffness, and total symptom score were found between the meridian-sinew group and the acupuncture group and between the meridian-sinew group and the control group (P<0.05). No adverse events occurred during the trial.Conclusion. Our study suggests that meridian-sinew release therapy can improve knee osteoarthritis, alleviate joint pain, and improve functional movement disorder. It is a safe and effective treatment for knee osteoarthritis.

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ϵ4 Allele Is Associated with Increased Symptom Reporting Following Sports Concussion

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria C. Merritt ◽  
Peter A. Arnett
Keyword(s):  
Apolipoprotein E ◽  
Symptom Score ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Apoe Genotype ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Symptom Clusters ◽  
Total Symptom Score ◽  
Symptom Scale ◽  
Sports Concussion ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractExploring the relationship between genetic factors and outcome following brain injury has received increased attention in recent years. However, few studies have evaluated the influence of genes on specific sequelae of concussion. The purpose of this study was to determine how the ϵ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene influences symptom expression following sports-related concussion. Participants included 42 collegiate athletes who underwent neuropsychological testing, including completion of the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), within 3 months after sustaining a concussion (73.8% were evaluated within 1 week). Athletes provided buccal samples that were analyzed to determine the make-up of their APOE genotype. Dependent variables included a total symptom score and four symptom clusters derived from the PCSS. Mann-Whitney U tests showed higher scores reported by athletes with the ϵ4 allele compared to those without it on the total symptom score and the physical and cognitive symptom clusters. Furthermore, logistic regression showed that the ϵ4 allele independently predicted those athletes who reported physical and cognitive symptoms following concussion. These findings illustrate that ϵ4+ athletes report greater symptomatology post-concussion than ϵ4- athletes, suggesting that the ϵ4 genotype may confer risk for poorer post-concussion outcome. (JINS, 2016, 22, 89–94)

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document