scholarly journals On the role of the present indicative in variable future-time reference in Hexagonal French

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarnes Gudmestad ◽  
Amanda Edmonds ◽  
Bryan Donaldson ◽  
Katie Carmichael
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
Verb Forms

AbstractThis article investigates variable future-time expression among native speakers of Hexagonal French who participated in informal conversations. The quantitative analysis is the first to examine the inflectional future, periphrastic future, and present indicative as separate forms within a single statistical model of French oral production. Results indicate that temporal distance and presence/absence of a temporal expression predict use of these verb forms. The second phase of the analysis focused on the use of the present indicative in future-time contexts. The examination of each instance of the present indicative shows that an immediate lexical temporal indicator is not necessary for this form to convey futurity and that future-time reference is often established at the discourse level and occasionally through apparent shared knowledge between the interlocutors. This investigation suggests the value of including the present indicative in the analysis of future-time reference in Hexagonal French in order to fully capture variation.

Assessing the Use of Multiple Forms in Variable Contexts: The Relationship between Linguistic Factors and Future-Time Reference in Spanish

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarnes Gudmestad ◽  
Kimberly L. Geeslin
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Variable Structure ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Advanced Learners ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe current study represents a detailed examination of the linguistic variables that are significantly related to verb-form use in contexts of future-time reference for advanced learners and native speakers of Spanish. The results show that the factors lexical temporal indicator, clause type and temporal distance are related to the verb forms that both groups use to express the function of futurity and that (un)certainty and grammatical person and number are only important for native speakers, thus demonstrating that the learners have not yet reached native-like use of this variable structure. In addition to providing more information on the variable use of futuretime reference for native and non-native speakers, the investigation makes methodological advancements in the study of morphosyntactic variation by defining a token by the function it performs in communication and by examining the full range of verb forms speakers use to fulfill this function.

scholarly journals The concept of “love” as a component of native speakers’ linguistic picture of the world: The results of associative experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-276
Author(s):  
Svetlana V. Andreeva ◽  
◽  
Lubov S. Useynova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Ages

The article analyzes the role of “love” concept in the linguistic picture of the world of modern native speakers of different ages. Based on a number of associative experiments and quantitative analysis the research defines the most frequent semantic categories of the reactions of the respondents belonging to ten age groups. The authors focus on the dynamics of associations within the semantic category “negative emotions and states”.

scholarly journals The influence of “happy” and “sad” background music on complexity, accuracy, and fluency of second-language speaking

2021 ◽  
pp. 030573562110333
Author(s):  
Shahaboddin Dabaghi Varnosfaderani ◽  
Mohammadtaghi Shahnazari ◽  
Azizollah Dabaghi
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Background Music ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
L2 Speaking ◽  
Verb Forms

The role of music in second-language (L2) learning has long been the object of various empirical and theoretical inquiries. However, research on whether the effect of background music (BM) on language-related task performance is facilitative or inhibitory has produced inconsistent findings. Hence, we investigated the effect of happy and sad BM on complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) of L2 speaking among intermediate learners of English. A between-groups design was used, in which 60 participants were randomly assigned to three groups with two experimental groups performing an oral L2 English retelling task while listening to either happy or sad BM, and a control group performing the task with no background music. The results demonstrated the happy BM group’s significant outperformance in fluency over the control group. In accuracy, the happy BM group also outdid the controls (error-free clauses, correct verb forms). Moreover, the sad BM group performed better in accuracy than the controls but in only one of its measures (correct verb forms). Furthermore, no significant difference between the groups in syntactic complexity was observed. The study, in line with the current literature on BM effects, suggests that it might have specific impacts on L2 oral production, explained by factors such as mood, arousal, neural mechanism, and the target task’s properties.

scholarly journals A concept-oriented analysis of future-time reference in native and near-native Hexagonal French

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMANDA EDMONDS ◽  
AARNES GUDMESTAD ◽  
BRYAN DONALDSON
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Finite Verb

ABSTRACTThis study examined how native and near-native speakers of Hexagonal French make reference to future events in a corpus of informal conversations. A concept-oriented analysis reveals that no fewer than 13 different finite verb forms appeared in future-time contexts. A qualitative analysis of the use of the present in future-time contexts in the two portions of the corpus points to similarities in the native-speaker and near-native-speaker use. This analysis contributes to the understanding of future-time expression in Hexagonal French and to discussions concerning near-nativeness in second language acquisition.

scholarly journals Formulaic Sequences as Fluency Devices in the Oral Production of Native Speakers of Polish

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Guz
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Formulaic Language ◽  
Formulaic Sequences ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
Time Ratio ◽  
Temporal Measures ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper we attempt to determine the nature and strength of the relationship between the use of formulaic sequences and productive fluency of native speakers of Polish. In particular, we seek to validate the claim that speech characterized by a higher incidence of formulaic sequences is produced more rapidly and with fewer hesitation phenomena. The analysis is based on monologic speeches delivered by 45 speakers of L1 Polish. The data include both the recordings and their transcriptions annotated for a number of objective fluency measures. In the first part of the study the total of formulaic sequences is established for each sample. This is followed by determining a set of temporal measures of the speakers' output (speech rate, articulation rate, mean length of runs, mean length of pauses, phonation time ratio). The study provides some preliminary evidence of the fluency-enhancing role of formulaic language. Our results show that the use of formulaic sequences is positively and significantly correlated with speech rate, mean length of runs and phonation time ratio. This suggests that a higher concentration of formulaic material in output is associated with faster speed of speech, longer stretches of speech between pauses and an increased amount of time filled with speech.

scholarly journals Near-Native Sociolinguistic Competence in French: Evidence from Variable Future-Time Expression

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarnes Gudmestad ◽  
Amanda Edmonds ◽  
Bryan Donaldson ◽  
Katie Carmichael
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Future Time ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Sociolinguistic Competence ◽  
Linguistic Constraints

This study aims to advance the understanding of sociolinguistic competence among near-native speakers and to further knowledge about the acquisition of variable structures. We conduct a quantitative analysis of variable future-time expression in informal conversations between near-native and native speakers of French. In addition to examining linguistic constraints that have been investigated in previous research, we build on prior work by introducing a new factor that enables us to consider the role that formality of the variants plays in the use of variable future-time expression. We conclude by comparing these new findings to those for the same dataset and other variable structures (namely, negation and interrogatives, Donaldson, 2016, 2017) and by advocating for more research that consists of multiple, complementary analyses of the same dataset.

The grammar, meaning, and referential functions of else

2000 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foong Ha Yap ◽  
Marianne Celce-Murcia
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
American English ◽  
Semantic Role ◽  
Spoken Discourse ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Different Types ◽  
English Native Speaker

Although else is recognized as a cohesive device (e.g. Halliday & Hasan, 1976: 76), it has received relatively little attention in the literature. To help remedy the situation, this article investigates how native speakers use else in both written and spoken discourse. We first review the literature for a description of the meaning(s) of else, then identify its most common meaning as reflected in its frequency of use in American English native-speaker discourse. More specifically, we undertake a quantitative analysis of the frequency and distribution of different types of else constructions, as well as a qualitative analysis of how else functions as a referential and cohesive marker. The unique referential role of else is then highlighted by contrasting it with its closest synonym, namely other. It is shown that these two referential and cohesive markers complement each other, with else playing a less specified semantic role than other.

scholarly journals Variable Future-Time Expression in Spanish: A Comparison between Heritage and Second Language Learners

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Ana de Prada Pérez ◽  
Inmaculada Gómez Soler ◽  
Nick Feroce
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Heritage Language Learners ◽  
Future Time ◽  
L2 Learners

This paper examines the expression of futurity in Spanish, specifically the periphrastic future (PF), the morphological future (MF), and the present indicative (PI) in heritage language learners (HLLs) and second language learners (L2 learners), a comparison that allowed us to explore whether linguistic experience provides HLLs an advantage over L2 learners in the domain of morphosyntax. These forms (PF, MF, and PI) are regulated by certainty, temporal distance, and the presence of temporal adverbials. Previous research showed that L2 learners acquire some of these linguistic constraints and that HLLs tend to reduce the MF to modal uses. Data from a contextualized acceptability judgment task completed by 46 HLLs and 42 L2ers manipulated for verb form, certainty, temporal distance, and adverb and revealed that (i) the PF and the MF were generally rated higher than the PI, (ii) HLLs were sensitive to the three linguistic factors examined, while the L2ers’ sensitivity was modulated by proficiency, and, relatedly, (iii) the two groups differed in the effect of proficiency. For the L2 learners, an increase in proficiency led to a closer pattern to that of monolingual native speakers (only for temporal distance). Differences in exposure to and instruction in Spanish are discussed as possible sources of these differences.

Commentaries and Rejoinder on

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Gong ◽  
Douglas L. Medin ◽  
Tal Eyal ◽  
Nira Liberman ◽  
Yaacov Trope ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Psychological Distance ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
Moral Condemnation ◽  
Construal Levels

In the hope to resolve the two sets of opposing results concerning the effects of psychological distance and construal levels on moral judgment, Žeželj and Jokić (2014) conducted a series of four direct replications, which yielded divergent patterns of results. In our commentary, we first revisit the consistent findings that lower-level construals induced by How/Why manipulation lead to harsher moral condemnation than higher-level construals. We then speculate on the puzzling patterns of results regarding the role of temporal distance in shaping moral judgment. And we conclude by discussing the complexity of morality and propose that it may be important to incorporate cultural systems into the study of moral cognition.

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