scholarly journals 2458 Determining the prevalence and associated multilevel characteristics of undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (S1) ◽  
pp. 67-68
Author(s):  
Kristen Nwanyanwu ◽  
Marcella Nunez-Smith ◽  
Mayur Desai ◽  
Thomas Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Decision Tree ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Nationally Representative

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in adults aged 25–64 years. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is projected to increase 4-fold by 2050. Racial and ethnic minorities have a higher prevalence and greater severity of diabetic retinopathy. Over 50% of racial and ethnic minorities are not screened for diabetic retinopathy per guidelines. With timely diagnosis and sight-saving treatment, blindness from diabetic retinopathy is largely preventable. The objective of this study is to identify racial and ethnic disparities in the population that do not know they have diabetic retinopathy and to compare those disparities to those in the population that do know they have diabetic retinopathy. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Specifically, we have identified a nationally representative survey and clinical examination data to estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy, to identify racial and ethnic disparities in that population, and to compare those disparities in the population with known diabetic retinopathy. We hypothesize that racial and ethnic disparities will be higher in the population with undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy in comparison to the population with known diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We hypothesize that racial and ethnic disparities will be higher in the population with undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy in comparison to the population with known diabetic retinopathy. The results of that analysis will instruct qualitative interviews that will advance the understanding of the factors that contribute to the decision whether to be screened for diabetic retinopathy. A decision tree will be created to categorize the hierarchy of barriers and facilitators. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: A better understanding of the population with undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy and the factors that influence the decision to get screened will help us not only to address disparities in diabetic retinopathy, but also to prevent blindness from retinopathy.

scholarly journals Health Numeracy Confidence among Racial/ Ethnica Minorities in HINTS 2007: Sociodemographic, Attitudinal, and Knowledge Correlates

1970 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Huang ◽  
Yiu Ming Chan ◽  
Dong Feng
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
Medical Decisions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Numeracy ◽  
Lower Health ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
National Trends

Health numeracy skills help people interpret health risks, and make effective medical decisions. Lower health numeracy confidence was observed for blacks and Hispanic groups than whites. Little is known about the important factors that explain racial differences in health numeracy confidence. For this study, we used a nationally representative, cross-sectional data sample of 4,610 U.S. adults from the National Cancer Institute’s 2007 Health Information National Trends Survey. Bivariate (Chi-squares) and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the contribution factors that predict health numeracy confidence.Non-linear Fairlie decompositions were used to quantify the factor contributions to racial differences in health numeracy confidence. The priority rankings of the important factors to explain the health numeracy confidence racial and ethnic disparities are different depending on the particular racial and ethnic group. Diverse, culturally appropriate approaches are needed to improve numeracy confidence for specific racial and ethnic groups.

scholarly journals Garden Access, Race and Vegetable Acquisition among U.S. Adults: Findings from a National Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 12059
Author(s):  
Joelle N. Robinson-Oghogho ◽  
Roland J. Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable Consumption ◽  
The Body ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
National Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Home Consumption

With the majority of U.S. adults not meeting recommended vegetable intakes and well-documented racial and ethnic disparities in fruit and vegetable consumption, various approaches to increase vegetable consumption have been implemented. Gardening is one approach that has been associated with increased vegetable consumption in various subpopulations; however, limited national data exist examining this relationship. Since vegetable acquisition is a necessary antecedent to increased vegetable consumption, this study examines if garden access is associated with vegetable acquisition among adults in a nationally representative sample of U.S. households. Data come from the National Food Acquisition and Purchasing Survey (FAPS), a survey of 4826 US households. Descriptive analysis and modified Poisson regressions were performed to examine associations between household garden access and vegetable acquisition amongst the total population and by race. Results indicate that for foods for at-home consumption, respondents with their own garden had a 30% greater prevalence (PR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.64) of acquiring enough vegetables to meet USDA recommendations compared to respondents in households without access to any gardens. Among Black respondents, those with access to their own garden had over two times increased prevalence (PR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.10, 5.01) of acquiring enough vegetables to meet recommended consumption amounts, compared to Black respondents without any access to a garden. No relationships between garden access and vegetable acquisition were observed for White or Asian respondents. This information may contribute to the body of evidence on strategies for increasing vegetable consumption among U.S. adults.

Interventions to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer care: A systematic review.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e16509-e16509
Author(s):  
James Edward Ward ◽  
Keith Naylor ◽  
Blase N. Polite
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Care Continuum ◽  
Crc Screening ◽  
Cancer Care Continuum

e16509 Background: Disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) outcomes among underrepresented racial and ethnic minority patients continue to widen. We performed, and present here, the results of a systematic review of the literature evaluating interventions to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in CRC care. Methods: The MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases were searched for articles that focused on interventions to reduce disparities in CRC screening, treatment, survivorship and end-of-life care from 1950 to 2010. Studies included were those that evaluated interventions in US populations that were composed of ≥50% racial/ethnic minorities (or that included a specific sub-analysis by race/ethnicity). Results: Following the electronic search, abstract and full text review, and reference reviews; a total of thirty-three studies were included in our final analysis. All of these were related to CRC screening; no studies evaluating the rest of the cancer care continuum were found. Nineteen studies (58%) were randomized controlled trials, nine (27%) were pre-test/post-test analyses, and five (15%) were cohort studies. Thirteen studies (39%) targeted African-American populations, eight (24%) targeted Hispanics, two (6%) targeted Asian populations, seven (21%) included a mixed population of ethnic minorities, and three (9%) were listed as “non-white” or included a subgroup analysis. The main results related to the magnitude of the effect of these patient-directed, patient navigator, and provider-directed interventions on CRC screening is outlined in the table below. Conclusions: Patient education involving personal contact, patient navigation services, and provider-directed education and reminder systems can modestly improve adherence to CRC screening among minority patients. Further studies targeting the rest of the colon cancer care continuum are needed. [Table: see text]

Do You Have “Connections” at the Courthouse? An Original Survey on Informal Influence and Judicial Rulings in Morocco

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 760-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Buehler
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
Petite Bourgeoisie

Under what conditions do citizens of developing countries view judges as neutral and fair or biased and arbitrary? This study addresses this topic through an original, nationally representative survey from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Conducted in Morocco, the survey is the first of its kind to gauge attitudes about how a citizen’s informal influence facilities getting favorable rulings from judges. It finds that 82 percent of respondents believe that citizens with “connections”—known as wasta in Arabic—get favorable rulings. Yet some citizens more strongly value informal influence, especially rural individuals, women, and ethnic minorities. The survey shows that believing in informal influence considerably lowers citizen trust in the authoritarian regime’s courts and institutions, which some scholars consider an asset for democratization. However, because the citizens most likely to value informal influence are marginalized or embedded in regime clientelism, their low trust may not easily translate into strong advocacy for democracy. Meanwhile, the citizens most able to advocate for democratization—the Francophone petite bourgeoisie—disproportionately deny the importance of informal influence in regime institutions.

Prejudice and the Medical Profession: A Five-Year Update

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Clark
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Care System

Over the past decades the mortality rate in the United States has decreased and life expectancy has increased. Yet a number of recent studies have drawn Americans attention to the fact that racial and ethnic disparities persist in health care. It is clear that the U.S. health care system is not only flawed for many reasons including basic injustices, but may be the cause of both injury and death for members of racial and ethnic minorities.In 2002, an Institute of Medicine (IOM) report requested by Congress listed more than 100 studies documenting a wide range of disparities in the United States health care system. This report found that people belonging to racial and ethnic minorities often receive lower quality of health care than do people of European descent, even when their medical insurance coverage and income levels are the same as that of the latter.

The Untapped Potential of the Nurse Practitioner Workforce in Reducing Health Disparities

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lusine Poghosyan ◽  
J. Margo Brooks Carthon
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Nurse Practitioner ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Primary Care Providers ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities

The growing nurse practitioner (NP) workforce represents a significant supply of primary care providers, who if optimally utilized, are well-positioned to improve access to health care for racial and ethnic minorities. However, many barriers affect the optimal utilization of NPs in primary care delivery. These barriers may also prevent NPs from maximally contributing to efforts to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities. Our review of the empirical and health policy literature sought to elucidate factors that affect NPs’ potential and ability to narrow or eliminate health disparities. We found that restrictive state scope of practice regulations, disparate reimbursement policies, lack of NP workforce diversity, and poor organizational structures in NP practices may limit NPs’ contributions to current efforts to reduce disparities. Our results led to the development of the nurse practitioner health disparities model which identifies barriers to and opportunities for optimal use of NPs in reducing racial and ethnic disparities. State and federal policymakers and administrators in health-care settings should take actions to remove legislative and organizational barriers to enable NPs to deliver high-quality care to racial and ethnic minorities. Researchers can use the nurse practitioner health disparities model to produce empirical evidence to reduce health disparities and improve population health.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Quality of Diabetes Care for the Elderly in a Nationally Representative Sample

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Richard ◽  
Pierre Kébreau Alexandre ◽  
Mustafa Zeedan Younis ◽  
Anthony Lara ◽  
Adaeze B. Akamigbo
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Care ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Care For The Elderly ◽  
Quality Of Diabetes Care ◽  
Nationally Representative

Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice

Criminology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiro Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact

The study of race, ethnicity, crime, and justice usually involves research on racial and ethnic differences in crime and justice patterns or the overrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities in the criminal justice system. Despite recognition that racial and ethnic variations in crime and justice exist, our knowledge on the sources and consequences of this linkage is incomplete. In part this is because the categories of race and ethnicity are evolving. Also, some of the racial and ethnic categories reported by criminal justice agencies are limited or require refinement. For example, some agencies do not always use the same racial and ethnic categories, particularly with respect to Latinos/Hispanics, and code victims or offenders as either white or black. Nevertheless, although current knowledge is limited, there is still a large body of research on the relationships among race, ethnicity, crime, and justice. Criminologists tend to favor examining the impact of racial or ethnic composition, net of other social and economic factors, on violent crimes such as homicide across cities, or they will examine racial- or ethnic-specific outcomes across communities. Some social scientists also examine the effects of race and ethnicity by examining the relationship between the police and racial and ethnic minorities, or perhaps variations in sentencing and incarceration in prisons, jails, and halfway houses. However one chooses to examine race, ethnicity, crime, and justice, there are considerable racial and ethnic disparities concerning this topic across the United States.

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